{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:51:25Z","timestamp":1760147485829,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2021QE187"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021QE187"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The creation of the natural ceiling rock of the coal seam is rife with fractures, holes, and other flaws. The angle of the defects has a significant influence on the mechanical characteristics and crack evolution of coal seam roof rock. Multi-scale numerical simulation software PFC2D gets adapted to realize the crack propagation and coalescence process in the roof rock of a coal seam with different angles of defects under uniaxial compression. The effect of flaw angles on the micro and macro mechanical characteristics of rock is also discovered. The results show that: (1) the defect angle has influence on the stress-strain, elastic modulus, peak strength, peak strain, acoustic emission (AE) and strain energy of roof rock of coal seam. When the defect angles are different, the starting position of the roof rock in a coal seam fracture is different. The quantity of microcracks firstly reduces with an increase in defect angles before gradually increasing. At the same fault angle, the cracks are mostly tensile ones and only a few shear ones. (2) When the defect angle is less than 90\u00b0, tensile and shear fractures are mostly localized at the defect\u2019s two tips and propagate along the loading direction. When the defect angle is 90\u00b0, the tensile and shear cracks are not concentrated at the tip of the defect. (3) As the defect angles increase, the elastic strain energy rises initially and then falls, and the dissipated energy and total input energy both increase continuously. The elastic strain energy is greatest at the highest strength. The study provides a certain reference for the use of various analysis methods in practical engineering to evaluate the safety and stability of rock samples with pre-existing defects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16041401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T01:32:05Z","timestamp":1675819925000},"page":"1401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Mechanical and Microcrack Evolution Characteristics of Roof Rock of Coal Seam with Different Angle of Defects Based on Particle Flow Code"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Qinghai","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junchao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Longshou Mine of Jinchuan Group Co., Ltd., Jinchuan 737100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianzhou","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2011.09.002","article-title":"Crack coalescence behavior of brittle sandstone samples containing two coplanar fissures in the process of deformation failure","volume":"78","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eng. 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