{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T04:37:24Z","timestamp":1776141444747,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]],"date-time":"2023-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42077435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42077435"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Our research proposes a unique coupled electro-thermal-mechanical model that takes electric breakdown and heterogeneity into account to show the mechanism of rock fracturing under high-voltage electropulses. Using finite element numerical software, the process of high voltage electrical pulse injection into the rock interior for breakdown is described, and the formation law of plasma channels during the electrical breakdown process is comprehensively analyzed in conjunction with the conductor particles present within the rock. On the basis of electrical, thermal, and mechanical theories, a coupled multi-physical field numerical model of rock failure under the action of high-voltage electrical pulses is developed, and a random distribution model is utilized to simulate the potential occurrence of conductor particles in the rock. Innovative numerical model indicates plasma channel creation in the rock-crushing process. Prior to the formation of the plasma channel, the temperature and stress are approximately 103 k and 10\u22122 MPa, respectively. Once the plasma channel is formed, the temperature and stress increase abruptly in a short time, with the temperature reaching 104 k and the stress reaching 103 MPa or higher. In addition, it is revealed that the breakdown field strength is the essential factor in plasma channel creation. The heterogeneity of the particles within the rock and the fluctuation in electrode settings are also significant variables influencing the creation of channels. The presented model contributes to a better understanding of the mechanism of rock fragmentation during high-voltage electrical pulses, which has substantial implications for oil exploration and mineral extraction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16041693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T02:02:09Z","timestamp":1676858529000},"page":"1693","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The Utilization of a Coupled Electro-Thermal-Mechanical Model of High-Voltage Electric Pulse on Rock Fracture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1406-9378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weikang","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pingping","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1538-3396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanjay","family":"Nimbalkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingsheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technology Research Center of Ecological Road Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jifei","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peihao","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s12583-015-0519-x","article-title":"Electro-pulse-boring (EPB): Novel super-deep drilling technology for low cost electricity","volume":"26","author":"Schiegg","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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