{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:38:52Z","timestamp":1787963932078,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Skalen\u00fcbergreifende Charakterisierung robuster funktionaler Materialsysteme"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work introduced additively manufactured non-assembly, miniaturized pin-joints for pantographic metamaterials as perfect pivots. The titanium alloy Ti6Al4V was utilized with laser powder bed fusion technology. The pin-joints were produced using optimized process parameters required for manufacturing miniaturized joints, and they were printed at a particular angle to the build platform. Additionally, this process optimization will eliminate the requirement to geometrically compensate the computer-aided design model, allowing for even further miniaturization. In this work, pin-joint lattice structures known as pantographic metamaterials were taken into consideration. The mechanical behavior of the metamaterial was characterized by bias extension tests and cyclic fatigue experiments, showing superior levels of performance (no sign of fatigue for 100 cycles of an elongation of approximately 20%) in comparison to classic pantographic metamaterials made with rigid pivots. The individual pin-joints, with a pin diameter of 350 to 670 \u00b5m, were analyzed using computed tomography scans, indicating that the mechanism of the rotational joint functions well even though the clearance of 115 to 132 \u00b5m between the moving parts is comparable to the nominal spatial resolution of the printing process. Our findings emphasize new possibilities to develop novel mechanical metamaterials with actual moving joints on a small scale. The results will also support stiffness-optimized metamaterials with variable-resistance torque for non-assembly pin-joints in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16051797","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T01:31:06Z","timestamp":1677115866000},"page":"1797","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Miniaturization of Non-Assembly Metallic Pin-Joints by LPBF-Based Additive Manufacturing as Perfect Pivots for Pantographic Metamaterials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9068-305X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Gutmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering\u2014INATECH, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Emmy-Noether-Stra\u00dfe 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics (EMI), Ernst-Zermelo-Str. 4, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Stilz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering\u2014INATECH, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Emmy-Noether-Stra\u00dfe 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6908-1302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sankalp","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering\u2014INATECH, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Emmy-Noether-Stra\u00dfe 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering\u2014INATECH, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Emmy-Noether-Stra\u00dfe 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0719-7355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaus","family":"Hoschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics (EMI), Ernst-Zermelo-Str. 4, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5741-8844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georg","family":"Ganzenm\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering\u2014INATECH, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Emmy-Noether-Stra\u00dfe 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5575-7540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Hiermaier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering\u2014INATECH, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Emmy-Noether-Stra\u00dfe 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics (EMI), Ernst-Zermelo-Str. 4, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800864","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.201800864","article-title":"Mechanical Metamaterials and Their Engineering Applications","volume":"21","author":"Surjadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. 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