{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T15:31:06Z","timestamp":1785943866584,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001862","name":"FORMAS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["942-2016-2 (2017-21)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["942-2016-2 (2017-21)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001862","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001862","name":"FORMAS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CTS 19:2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CTS 19:2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001862","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002805","name":"Carl Tryggers stiftelse f\u00f6r vetenskaplig forskning","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["942-2016-2 (2017-21)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["942-2016-2 (2017-21)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002805","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002805","name":"Carl Tryggers stiftelse f\u00f6r vetenskaplig forskning","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CTS 19:2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CTS 19:2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002805","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Partial liquefaction of residual biomass shows good potential for developing new materials suitable for making bio-based composites. Three-layer particleboards were produced by replacing virgin wood particles with partially liquefied bark (PLB) in the core or surface layers. PLB was prepared by the acid-catalyzed liquefaction of industrial bark residues in polyhydric alcohol. The chemical and microscopic structure of bark and residues after liquefaction were evaluated by means of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), while the particleboards were tested for their mechanical and water-related properties, as well as their emission profiles. Through a partial liquefaction process, some FTIR absorption peaks of the bark residues were lower than those of raw bark, indicating hydrolysis of chemical compounds. The surface morphology of bark did not change considerably after partial liquefaction. Particleboards with PLB in the core layers showed overall lower densities and mechanical properties (modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, and internal bond strength), and were less water-resistant as compared to the ones with PLB used in the surface layers. Formaldehyde emissions from the particleboards were 0.284\u20130.382 mg\/m2\u00b7h, and thus, below the E1 class limit required by European Standard EN 13986:2004. The major emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were carboxylic acids as oxidization and degradation products from hemicelluloses and lignin. The application of PLB in three-layer particleboards is more challenging than in single-layer boards as PLB has different effects on the core and surface layers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16051855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T01:37:52Z","timestamp":1677202672000},"page":"1855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Properties and Emissions of Three-Layer Particleboards Manufactured with Mixtures of Wood Chips and Partially Liquefied Bark"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1630-1305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6909-2025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stergios","family":"Adamopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Biomaterials and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Vallv\u00e4gen 9C, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0883-2306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza","family":"Hosseinpourpia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, Linnaeus University, L\u00fcckligs Plats 1, 35195 V\u00e4xj\u00f6, Sweden"},{"name":"College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Walther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, Linnaeus University, L\u00fcckligs Plats 1, 35195 V\u00e4xj\u00f6, Sweden"},{"name":"IKEA Industry AB, Skrivaregatan 5, 21532 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergej","family":"Medved","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wood Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ro\u017ena Dolina C VIII\/34, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4448","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.25749","article-title":"Adhesive application on particleboard from natural fibers: A review","volume":"41","author":"Owodunni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polym. 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