{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T12:33:59Z","timestamp":1790253239532,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Osteo Science Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polycaprolactone (PCL) micro- and nanoparticles produced using the electrospraying technique present high drug encapsulation capacity, a controllable surface area, and a good cost\u2013benefit ratio. PCL is also considered a non-toxic polymeric material with excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. All these characteristics make PCL micro- and nanoparticles a promising material for tissue engineering regeneration, drug delivery, and surface modification in dentistry. In this study, PCL electrosprayed specimens were produced and analyzed to determine their morphology and size. Three PCL concentrations (2, 4, and 6 wt%) and three solvent types (chloroform (CF), dimethylformamide (DMF), and acetic acid (AA)) with various solvent mixtures ratios (1:1 CF\/DMF, 3:1 CF\/DMF, 100% CF, 1:1 AA\/CF, 3:1 AA\/CF, and 100% AA) were used while keeping the remaining electrospray parameters constant. SEM images followed by ImageJ analysis showed a change in the morphology and size of the particles among various tested groups. A two-way ANOVA demonstrated a statistically significant interaction (p &lt; 0.001) between PCL concentration and solvents on the size of the particles. With the increase in the PCL concentration, an increase in the number of fibers was observed among all the groups. The morphology and dimensions of the electrosprayed particles, as well as the presence of fibers, were significantly dependent on the PCL concentration, choice of solvent, and solvent ratio.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16052122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T01:43:35Z","timestamp":1678153415000},"page":"2122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Influence of Polycaprolactone Concentration and Solvent Type on the Dimensions and Morphology of Electrosprayed Particles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4483-9636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Alberto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Materials Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1692-5177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lohitha","family":"Kalluri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Materials Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39216, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongfeng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39216, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Materials Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.10.059","article-title":"Electrospraying as a novel method of particle engineering for drug delivery vehicles","volume":"330","author":"Tanhaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"63","article-title":"Nanodentistry: The Emerging Tiny Tools\u2014A Review","volume":"1","author":"Rathee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biosci. Nanosci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.24795","article-title":"Preparation of hierarchically structured PCL superhydrophobic membrane via alternate electrospinning\/electrospraying techniques","volume":"57","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Campagne, C., and Sala\u00fcn, F. (2019). Influence of Solvent Selection in the Electrospraying Process of Polycaprolactone. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9030402"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2022.111300","article-title":"The effect of solvent and pressure on polycaprolactone solutions for particle and fibre formation","volume":"173","author":"Altun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.036","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of poly(\u03b5-caprolactone) scaffolds modified with cell-loaded fibrin gel","volume":"125","author":"Malikmammadov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800164","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.201800164","article-title":"A Facile Strategy for Preparing PCL\/PEG Block Copolymer Microspheres via Electrospraying as Coatings for Cotton Fabrics","volume":"303","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Macromol. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.14356\/kona.2018015","article-title":"Nanoparticles Carrying Biological Molecules: Recent Advances and Applications","volume":"35","author":"Saallah","year":"2018","journal-title":"KONA Powder Part J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.03.051","article-title":"Encapsulated melatonin in polycaprolactone (PCL) microparticles as a promising graft material","volume":"100","author":"Gurler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2012.03.002","article-title":"Electrospraying of polymers with therapeutic molecules: State of the art","volume":"37","author":"Bock","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3886(98)00052-7","article-title":"Monodisperse particle production: A method to prevent drop coalescence using electrostatic forces","volume":"45","author":"Brandenberger","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Electrost."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1002\/app.30498","article-title":"Electrosprayed polymer particles: Effect of the solvent properties","volume":"114","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, Y., Kalluri, L., Satpathy, M., and Duan, Y. (2021). Effect of Electrospinning Parameters on the Fiber Diameter and Morphology of PLGA Nanofibers. Dent. Oral Biol. Craniofacial Res., 1\u20137.","DOI":"10.31487\/j.DOBCR.2021.02.04"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.23736\/S0026-4970.19.04263-8","article-title":"Application of bioengineering devices for stress evaluation in dentistry: The last 10 years FEM parametric analysis of outcomes and current trends","volume":"69","author":"Cervino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Minerva Stomatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2020.08.023","article-title":"Electrospinning\/electrospraying coatings for metal microneedles: A design of experiments (DOE) and quality by design (QbD) approach","volume":"156","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2007.02.023","article-title":"Controllable porous polymer particles generated by electrospraying","volume":"310","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2016.1234707","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of polycaprolactone microspheres by electrospraying","volume":"50","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Wang, D., Han, Y., Sun, J., and Huang, D. (2018). The Second International Conference on Materials Chemistry and Environmental Protection (MEEP 2018), SciTePress."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"European Commission (2012). Recommendation from the Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits for Acetic Acid, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"5659","article-title":"N,N-dimethylformamide-induced acute hepatic failure: A case report and literature review","volume":"14","author":"Lei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.31085","article-title":"Electrospraying: A facile technique for synthesis of chitosan-based micro\/nanospheres for drug delivery applications","volume":"88","author":"Arya","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2015.06.012","article-title":"Nanodentistry: Is just a fiction or future","volume":"5","author":"Aeran","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Oral Biol. Craniofac. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2005.00143.x","article-title":"Nanotechnology and its role in the management of periodontal diseases","volume":"40","author":"Kong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.30641","article-title":"A preliminary report on a novel electrospray technique for nanoparticle based biomedical implants coating: Precision electrospraying","volume":"81","author":"Kumbar","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.12.146","article-title":"Nanodentistry: Combining nanostructured materials and stem cells for dental tissue regeneration","volume":"7","author":"Mitsiadis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"191","article-title":"Biodegradable Microparticles and Nanoparticles by Electrospraying Techniques","volume":"10","author":"Vincenzo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomater. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.5395\/rde.2014.39.2.143","article-title":"Statistical notes for clinical researchers: Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)-exploring possible interaction between factors","volume":"39","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Restor. Dent. Endod."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Javaid, S., Ahmad, N.M., Mahmood, A., Nasir, H., Iqbal, M., Ahmad, N., and Irshad, S. (2021). Cefotaxime Loaded Polycaprolactone Based Polymeric Nanoparticles with Antifouling Properties for In-Vitro Drug Release Applications. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13132180"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morais, A.\u00cd.S., Vieira, E.G., Afewerki, S., Sousa, R.B., Honorio, L.M.C., Cambrussi, A.N.C.O., Santos, J.A., Bezerra, R.D.S., Furtini, J.A.O., and Silva-Filho, E.C. (2020). Fabrication of Polymeric Microparticles by Electrospray: The Impact of Experimental Parameters. J. Funct. Biomater., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb11010004"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"661","article-title":"Production of Polycaprolactone Microcarriers using Electrospray for Fibroblast Cultures","volume":"64","author":"Clavijo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Trans."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3390\/polym3010131","article-title":"Electrospraying, a Reproducible Method for Production of Polymeric Microspheres for Biomedical Applications","volume":"3","author":"Bock","year":"2011","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2018.07.036","article-title":"A bird\u2019s eye view of nanoparticles prepared by electrospraying: Advancements in drug delivery field","volume":"286","author":"Pawar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1139\/v64-032","article-title":"The Isobaric Boiling points of the system: Acetic acid\u2013chloroform\u2013water at a pressure of 760 mmHg","volume":"42","author":"Campbell","year":"1964","journal-title":"Can. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1163\/156856208784089616","article-title":"Electrohydrodynamic Atomization: A Versatile Process for Preparing Materials for Biomedical Applications","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2022.103150","article-title":"Effect of curcumin-loaded photoactivatable polymeric nanoparticle on peri-implantitis-related biofilm","volume":"40","author":"Tonon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez Rubio, A., Fabra Rovira, M.J., Mart\u00ednez Sanz, M., and G\u00f3mez-Mascaraque, L.G. (2019). Nanomaterials for Food Applications, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814130-4.00001-4"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajps.2017.02.003","article-title":"Fabrication, characterization, in vitro drug release and glucose uptake activity of 14-deoxy, 11, 12-didehydroandrographolide loaded polycaprolactone nanoparticles","volume":"12","author":"Kamaraj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.3762\/bjnano.8.144","article-title":"Cationic PEGylated polycaprolactone nanoparticles carrying post-operation docetaxel for glioma treatment","volume":"8","author":"Varan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Beilstein J. Nanotechnol."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/5\/2122\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:49:04Z","timestamp":1760122144000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/5\/2122"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ma16052122"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma16052122","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]]}}}