{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:09:30Z","timestamp":1792789770971,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Office of Naval Research","award":["N0001422WX00696"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N0001422WX00696"]}]},{"name":"Office of Naval Research","award":["N0001422WX00040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N0001422WX00040"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Experimental and computational studies were conducted to predict failure loads of specimens containing different-sized holes made using the additive manufacturing (AM) technique. Two different types of test specimens were prepared. Flat specimens, manufactured from polylactic acid (PLA), were subjected to uniaxial loading. Tubular specimens, made of polycarbonate (PC), were subjected to combined loading that was applied using uniaxial testing equipment. Test specimens were uniquely designed and printed to apply the combined bending and torsional loads to tubular specimens. A newly developed failure theory was applied to predict the loads that would result in the fracture of these test specimens. This theory is composed of two conditions related to stress and the stress gradient to be simultaneously satisfied to predict failure. The failure loads predicted using the new failure criteria were compared closely with the experimental data for all test specimens. In addition, a semi-empirical equation was developed to predict the critical failure surface energy for different printing angles. The critical failure surface energy is a material property and is used for the stress gradient condition. Using the semi-empirically determined values for the failure criterion provided close agreement with experimental results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16062293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T03:03:57Z","timestamp":1678676637000},"page":"2293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Predicting Failure of Additively Manufactured Specimens with Holes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Gina Eileen Chiara","family":"Schmeier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA 93943, USA"},{"name":"Fakult\u00e4t Maschinenbau, Helmut-Schmidt-Universit\u00e4t\/Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr, 22043 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Tr\u00f6ger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA 93943, USA"},{"name":"Fakult\u00e4t Maschinenbau, Helmut-Schmidt-Universit\u00e4t\/Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr, 22043 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young W.","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA 93943, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6901-8557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delf","family":"Sachau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fakult\u00e4t Maschinenbau, Helmut-Schmidt-Universit\u00e4t\/Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr, 22043 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Korner, R. (2022, June 24). CATEC Setzt auf 3D-Druck Beim Hinteren Rumpf des Airbus Helicopters RACER. Available online: https:\/\/www.3d-grenzenlos.de\/magazin\/kurznachrichten\/airbushelicopters-racer-hinterer-rumpf-aus-3d-drucker-27828923\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henry, S., De Wever, L., Vanhoorne, V., De Beer, T., and Vervaet, C. (2021). Influence of Print Settings on the Critical Quality Attributes of Extrusion-Based 3D-Printed Caplets: A Quality-by-Design Approach. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13122068"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1145\/2185520.2185544","article-title":"Stress relief: Improving structural strength of 3D printable objects","volume":"31","author":"Stava","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACM Trans. 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Available online: https:\/\/ultimaker.com\/materials."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/6\/2293\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:53:28Z","timestamp":1760122408000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/6\/2293"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ma16062293"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma16062293","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]}}}