{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T03:45:28Z","timestamp":1776743128539,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,18]],"date-time":"2023-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005989","name":"REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA, MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND SPORT and the EUROPEAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUND","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C3330-19-952045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C3330-19-952045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005989","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005989","name":"REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA, MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND SPORT and the EUROPEAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUND","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2-0273"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2-0273"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005989","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005989","name":"REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA, MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND SPORT and the EUROPEAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUND","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I0-0032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I0-0032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005989","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"SLOVENIAN RESEARCH AGENCY","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C3330-19-952045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C3330-19-952045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"SLOVENIAN RESEARCH AGENCY","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2-0273"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2-0273"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"SLOVENIAN RESEARCH AGENCY","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I0-0032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I0-0032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Infrastructure programme","award":["C3330-19-952045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C3330-19-952045"]}]},{"name":"Infrastructure programme","award":["P2-0273"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2-0273"]}]},{"name":"Infrastructure programme","award":["I0-0032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I0-0032"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To increase the sustainability of prefabricated timber buildings and constructions, composite timber beams with \u201cbox\u201d cross-sections were developed in collaboration with an industry partner. They were constructed from a solid timber frame and from webs made of residual waste wood-particle boards from prefabricated timber buildings production. The developed beams\u2019 design concepts presented in this paper were governed by architectural features of prefabricated timber buildings, geometrical limitations, available production technology, and structural demand related to various possible applications. The paper presents the results of experimental bending tests of six variations of the developed composite timber beams constructed by mechanical fasteners only. The developed design concept of composite timber beams without adhesives is beneficial compared to glued beams in terms of design for deconstruction and lower VOC emissions. The tests were conducted to study the influence of the following parameters on the beams\u2019 mechanical behavior: (i) web material (oriented strand boards (OSBs) vs. cement-particle boards); (ii) the influence of beam timber frame design (flanges and web stiffeners vs. flanges, web stiffeners, and compressive diagonals), and (iii) the influence of stiffener\u2013flange joint design. Besides the beams\u2019 load-bearing capacities, their linear and non-linear stiffness characteristics were the main research interest. While adding compressive timber diagonals did not prove to significantly increase the stiffness of the beams in the case of cement-particle board webs, it increased their load-bearing capacity by enabling the failure of flanges instead of prior webs and stiffener\u2013flange joints failure. For beams with OSB webs, failure of the bottom flange was achieved already with the \u201cbasic\u201d timber frame design, but timber diagonals proved beneficial to increase the stiffness characteristics. Finally, mechanical characteristics of the developed beams needed in structural design for their application are provided together with further development guidelines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16062426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T03:09:37Z","timestamp":1679281777000},"page":"2426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Composite Beams Made of Waste Wood-Particle Boards, Fastened to Solid Timber Frame by Dowel-Type Fasteners"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5986-8400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meta","family":"Kr\u017ean","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute (ZAG), 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toma\u017e","family":"Pazlar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute (ZAG), 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo\u0161tjan","family":"Ber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jelovica hi\u0161e d.o.o., 4205 Preddvor, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Robins, J.G. 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