{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T02:13:45Z","timestamp":1767665625039,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["X\/166471-12-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["X\/166471-12-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During the design of automotive structures assembled using Self-Piercing Rivets (SPRs), a rivet and die combination is selected for each joint stack. To conduct extensive physical tensile testing on every joint combination to determine the range of strength achieved by each rivet\u2013die combination, a great deal of lab technician time and substrate material are required. It is much simpler and less material-consuming to select the rivet and die solution by examining the cross sections of joints. However, the current methods of measuring cross sections by measuring the amount of mechanical interlock in a linear X\u2013Y direction, achieved with the flared rivet tail, do not give an accurate prediction of joint strength, because they do not measure the full amount of material that must be defeated to pull the rivet tail out of the bottom sheet. The X\u2013Y linear interlock measurement approach also makes it difficult to rapidly rank joint solutions, as it creates two values for each cross section rather than a single value. This study investigates an innovative new measurement method developed by the authors called Volumelock. The approach measures the volume of material that must be defeated to pull out the rivet. Creating a single measurement value for each rivet\u2013die combination makes it much easier to compare different rivet and die solutions; to identify solutions that work well across a number of different stacks; to aid the grouping of stacks on one setter for low-volume line; and to select the strongest solutions for a high-volume line where only one or two different stacks are made by each setter. The joint stack results in this paper indicate that there is a good predictive relationship between the new Volumelock method and peel strength, measured by physical cross-tension testing. In this study, the Volumelock approach predicted the peel strength within a 5% error margin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16072747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T01:31:30Z","timestamp":1680139890000},"page":"2747","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Investigation into the Effect of Interlock Volume on SPR Strength"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Lewis","family":"Jepps","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Briskham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atlas Copco, Deeside CH5 2NS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6292-6736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil","family":"Sims","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Susmel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acme.2017.06.003","article-title":"Quality of self-piercing riveting (SPR) joints from cross-sectional perspective: A review","volume":"18","author":"Haque","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"11","article-title":"An evaluation of quality and performance of self-piercing riveted high strength aluminium alloy AA6008 for automotive applications","volume":"2010","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"SAE Tech. Pap."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Madasamy, C., Faruque, O., Tyan, T., and Thomas, R. (2001). Crashworthiness of Composites and Lightweight Structures, American Society of Mechanical Engineers."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-017-0156-x","article-title":"Self-piercing riveting-a review","volume":"92","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1555648","article-title":"Ultimate strength and failure mechanism of resistance spot weld subjected to tensile, shear, or combined tensile\/shear loads","volume":"125","author":"Chao","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Eng. Mater. Technol. Trans. ASME"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-019-04567-4","article-title":"Effects of the die parameters on the self-piercing riveting process","volume":"105","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"031009","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4004138","article-title":"Self-piercing riveting of wrought magnesium AZ31 sheets","volume":"133","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. Trans. ASME"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2013.05.004","article-title":"Joining by plastic deformation","volume":"62","author":"Mori","year":"2013","journal-title":"CIRP Ann.-Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.10.857","article-title":"Friction Self-Piercing Riveting (F-SPR) of Dissimilar Materials","volume":"207","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2019.01.037","article-title":"Single-sided joining of aluminum alloys using friction self-piercing riveting (F-SPR) process","volume":"38","author":"Xian","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2019.02.138","article-title":"Process development for self-pierce riveting with solid formable rivet of boron steel in multi-material design","volume":"29","author":"Grimm","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"050028","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5112592","article-title":"Insertion behavior study of multi-material self-piercing rivet joints by means of finite element simulation","volume":"2113","author":"Varela","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2005.10.006","article-title":"The behaviour of a self-piercing riveted connection under quasi-static loading conditions","volume":"43","author":"Porcaro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. 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Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2016.07.029","article-title":"Strength prediction of self-pierce riveted joint in cross-tension and lap-shear","volume":"108","author":"Haque","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2020.06.015","article-title":"A Comparative Study of Friction Self-Piercing Riveting and Self-Piercing Riveting of Aluminum Alloy AA5182-O","volume":"7","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2015.04.006","article-title":"A simple but effective model for characterizing SPR joints in steel sheet","volume":"223","author":"Haque","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. 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