{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T06:07:48Z","timestamp":1778998068143,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["2022A1515010627"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515010627"]}]},{"name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["31800474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31800474"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022A1515010627"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515010627"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31800474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31800474"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bamboo is a material with excellent development prospects. It is increasingly used in furniture, decoration, building, and bridge construction. In this study, Furfurylated bamboo bundles and phenol-formaldehyde resin were used to make bamboo-scrimber composites (BSCs) via molding-recombination and hot-pressing processes. The effects of the impregnation mode, furfuryl-alcohol concentration, and curing temperature on the various physical\u2013mechanical properties and durability of the composites were evaluated. Scanning-electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the microstructural differences. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to investigate changes in the chemical constituents. The heat resistance was also investigated using thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed that the density of the furfurylated BSC increased by up to 22% compared with that of the BSC-C with the same paving mode. The furfurylated BSCs had lower moisture contents: the average moisture content of the furfurylated BSCs was 25~50% lower than that of the BSC-C. In addition, the furfurylated BSCs showed better dimensional stability and durability, since the decay-resistance grade of the BSCs was raised from decay resistance (class II) to strong decay resistance (class I). In terms of the mechanical properties, the furfurylation had a slight negative effect on the mechanical strength of the BSCs, and the modulus of rupture (MOR) and horizontal shear strength (HSS) of the BSCs were increased to a certain extent under most of the treatment conditions. In particular, the highest HSS for indoor use and MOR of the furfurylated BSCs increased by 21% and 9% compared with those of the untreated BSCs, respectively. The SEM results indicated that the FA resin effectively filled in the bamboo-cell cavities and vessels, and the modified bamboo-parenchyma cells were compressed more tightly and evenly. The FTIR and XPS spectroscopy showed that the hydroxyl group of carboxylic acid of the bamboo-cell-wall component reacted with that of the furan ring, and the cellulose and hemicellulose underwent acid hydrolysis to a certain extent after the furfurylation. Overall, the present study highlights the potential of furfurylation as a modification method to enhance BSC products. Further research should focus on improving the ability of furfurylated BSCs to prevent the growth of Botryodiplodia theobromae. Additionally, the influence of furfuryl-alcohol resin on the bonding strengths of PF adhesives should be further clarified.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16072931","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T09:26:01Z","timestamp":1680773161000},"page":"2931","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effect of Furfurylation on Bamboo-Scrimber Composites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8514-6153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanju","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guijun","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongxia","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xingwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Jiang, Z.H. (2007). Bamboo and Rattan in the World, China Forestry Publishing House."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.01.077","article-title":"Engineered bamboo for structural applications","volume":"81","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"6","article-title":"Development of bamboo-fiber based composites","volume":"25","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"China Wood Ind."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shukla, S.R., Kelkar, B.U., Yadav, S.M., and Bijila, A. (2022). Studies on laminated and scrimber composites produced from thermally modified D. strictus bamboo bonded with melamine-based adhesive. Ind. Crops Prod., 188.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2022.115649"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Yu, Y. (2014). Manufacturing Technology and Mechanism of High Performance Bamboo-Based Fiber Composites. [Doctoral Thesis, Chinese Academy of Forestry]."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8414","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.10.4.8414-8425","article-title":"Effect of process parameters on cutting forces and surface roughness during peripheral up milling of bamboo scrimber","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s00226-014-0683-7","article-title":"Fabrication, material properties, and application of bamboo scrimber","volume":"49","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wood Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.10.069","article-title":"Engineered bamboo scrimber: Influence of density on the mechanical and water absorption properties","volume":"127","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-017-1263-y","article-title":"Effect of bamboo bundle knitting on enhancing properties of bamboo scrimber","volume":"76","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rao, F., Zhu, X., Zhang, Y., Ji, Y., Lei, W., Li, N., Zhang, Z., Chen, Y., and Yu, W. (2022). Water resistance and mechanical properties of bamboo scrimber composite made from different units of Bambusa chungii as a function of resin content. Constr. Build. Mater., 335.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.127250"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"135","article-title":"Anti-mold effects of bamboo timber treated with different solutions","volume":"23","author":"Sun","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang For. Coll."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s10086-011-1223-9","article-title":"Mould-resistance of bamboo treated with the compound of chitosan-copper complex and organic fungicides","volume":"58","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Wood Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-018-1371-3","article-title":"Protection of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) materials against fungal decay and discolouration by treatment with wood preservatives","volume":"77","author":"Mild","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"8","article-title":"Effect of different antimildew and antiseptic agents on reconstructed bamboo timber","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang For. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.10.168","article-title":"Mesoporous aluminosilicate improves mildew resistance of bamboo scrimber with Cu-B-P anti-mildew agents","volume":"209","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/959135","article-title":"Preparation and flame retardant and smoke suppression properties of bamboo-wood hybrid scrimber filled with calcium and magnesium nanoparticles","volume":"2014","author":"Fu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s10086-016-1574-3","article-title":"Effects of heat treatment on the properties of bamboo scrimber","volume":"62","author":"Shangguan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Wood Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"15","article-title":"Effect of heat oil treatment on bamboo scrimber properties","volume":"2","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"China For. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-021-01655-9","article-title":"A simple, effective and inhibitor-free thermal treatment for enhancing mold-proof property of bamboo scrimber","volume":"79","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1080\/0282758041001915","article-title":"Properties of furfurylated wood","volume":"19","author":"Lande","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-010-0480-4","article-title":"Properties of furfurylated wood (Pinus pinaster)","volume":"69","author":"Esteves","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3349","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.7b03518","article-title":"In situ polymerization of furfuryl alcohol with ammonium dihydrogen phosphate in poplar wood for improved dimensional stability and flame retardancy","volume":"6","author":"Kong","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13445","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-019-03839-4","article-title":"Hygroscopicity and dimensional stability of Populus euramericana Cv. modified by furfurylation combined with low hemicellulose pretreatment","volume":"54","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W., Liu, M., Wang, H., Zhai, H., and Yu, Y. (2020). Preparing highly durable bamboo materials via bulk furfurylation. Constr. Build. Mater., 262.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.120726"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-021-01676-4","article-title":"Furfurylation of wood from fast-growing tropical species to enhance their resistance to subterranean termite","volume":"79","author":"Hadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, M., Li, W., Wang, H., Zhang, X., and Yu, Y. (2021). Dimensionally stable and highly durable bamboo material prepared through a simple surface furfurylation. Constr. Build. Mater., 276.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.122156"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2013). Bamboo Scrimber Flooring (Standard No. GB\/T 30364-2013)."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2013). Test Methods of Evaluating the Properties of Wood-Based Panels and Surface Decorated Wood-Based Panels (Standard No. GB\/T 17657-2013)."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2013). Test Method for Anti-Mildew Agents in Controlling Wood Mould and Stain Fungi (Standard No. GB\/T 18261-2013)."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2009). Durability of Wood-Part 1: Method for Laboratory Test of Natural Decay Resistance (Standard No. GB\/T 13942.1-2009)."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2012.06.015","article-title":"Bamboo fibre reinforced biocomposites: A review","volume":"42","author":"Khalil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt, G., Stute, T., Lenz, M.T., Melcher, E., and Ressel, J.B. (2020). Fungal deterioration of a novel scrimber composite made from industrially heat treated African highland bamboo. Ind. Crops Prod., 147.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2020.112225"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/17480272.2018.1475420","article-title":"Resistance of bamboo scrimber against white-rot and brown-rot fungi","volume":"15","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wood Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, J., Fang, C., Chen, Q., and Fei, B. (2021). Observing bamboo dimensional change caused by humidity. Constr. Build. Mater., 309.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.124988"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Li, L., Li, N., Bao, M., Bao, Y., Wu, Z., Wang, J., Rao, F., and Chen, Y. (2022). Sustainable production of engineered bamboo scrimber composites for construction and flooring applications. Constr. Build. Mater., 347.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.128615"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1515\/hfsg.1998.52.1.46","article-title":"Determination of lignin content of Eucalyptus globulus wood using FTIR spectroscopy","volume":"52","author":"Rodrigues","year":"1998","journal-title":"Holzforschung"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-021-01784-1","article-title":"Evaluation of natural weathering and thermal degradation behavior of furfurylated bamboo strips at different weight percent gain","volume":"80","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2009.08.087","article-title":"XPS characterization of naturally aged wood","volume":"256","author":"Popescu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2013.05.065","article-title":"FTIR and XPS analysis of the changes in bamboo chemical structure decayed by white-rot and brown-rot fungi","volume":"280","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1515\/hf-2019-0144","article-title":"Improvement of interfacial interaction in impregnated wood via grafting methyl methacrylate onto wood cell walls","volume":"74","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Holzforschung"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1002\/sia.2455","article-title":"XPS characterization of wood chemical composition after heat-treatment","volume":"38","author":"Inari","year":"2006","journal-title":"Surf. Interface Anal."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1590\/0104-1428.07016","article-title":"Analysis of chemical polymerization between functionalized MWCNT and poly (furfuryl alcohol) composite","volume":"28","author":"Edwards","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pol\u00edmeros"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1515\/hf-2020-0007","article-title":"The furfuryl alcohol (FA) resin distribution in the furfurylated bamboo","volume":"75","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Holzforschung"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s002260100097","article-title":"Surface characterization of esterified cellulosic fibers by XPS and FTIR spectroscopy","volume":"35","author":"Matuana","year":"2001","journal-title":"Wood Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/7\/2931\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:11:27Z","timestamp":1760123487000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/7\/2931"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ma16072931"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma16072931","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]]}}}