{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:09:05Z","timestamp":1787508545241,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science","award":["BS\/PB-1-100-3011\/2023\/P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BS\/PB-1-100-3011\/2023\/P"]}]},{"name":"Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science","award":["16.16.210.476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16.16.210.476"]}]},{"name":"the research apparatus of AGH as part of the co-financing of the statutory activity of AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels","award":["BS\/PB-1-100-3011\/2023\/P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BS\/PB-1-100-3011\/2023\/P"]}]},{"name":"the research apparatus of AGH as part of the co-financing of the statutory activity of AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels","award":["16.16.210.476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16.16.210.476"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The topic of waste combustion\/co-combustion is critical, given the increasingly restrictive legal regulations regarding its environmental aspects. In this paper, the authors present the test results of selected fuels of different compositions: hard coal, coal sludge, coke waste, sewage sludge, paper waste, biomass waste and polymer waste. The authors conducted a proximate and ultimate analysis of the materials and mercury content in them and their ashes. An interesting element of the paper was the chemical analysis of the XRF of the fuels. The authors conducted the preliminary combustion research using a new research bench. The authors provide a comparative analysis of pollutant emissions\u2014especially mercury emission\u2014during the combustion of the material; this is an innovative element of this paper. The authors state that coke waste and sewage sludge are distinguished by their high mercury content. The value of Hg emission during the combustion depends on the initial mercury content in the waste. The results of the combustion tests showed the adequacy of mercury release compared to the emissions of other compounds considered. Small amounts of mercury were found in waste ashes. The addition of a polymer to 10% of coal fuels leads to a reduction in mercury emissions in exhaust gases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16083213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T03:20:39Z","timestamp":1681874439000},"page":"3213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Research on Waste Combustion in the Aspect of Mercury Emissions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Kijo-Kleczkowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thermal Machinery, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Gnatowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology and Automation, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0850-3054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Tora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering and Resource Management, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5968-0117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Kogut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Bytnar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6364-7894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaroslaw","family":"Krzywanski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science & Technology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4664-0092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Makowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2013, January 08). Ustawa z Dnia 14 Grudnia 2012 r. o Odpadach, (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2020, January 03). Rozporz\u0105dzenie Ministra Klimatu z Dnia 2 Stycznia 2020 r. w Sprawie Katalogu Odpad\u00f3w, (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2013, December 12). Obwieszczenie Marsza\u0142ka Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z Dnia 3 Marca 2022r. w Sprawie Og\u0142oszenia Jednolitego Tekstu Ustawy o Odpadach, (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2022, February 28). Rocznik Statystyczny Przemys\u0142u. GUS, 2021, (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2022). Ochrona \u015arodowiska 2022, (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2020, September 11). Rozporz\u0105dzenie Ministra Klimatu z Dnia 11 Wrze\u015bnia 2020 r. w Sprawie Szczeg\u00f3\u0142owych Wymaga\u0144 Dla Magazynowania Odpad\u00f3w, (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2023, January 04). Obwieszczenie Ministra Klimatu i \u015arodowiska z Dnia 18 Listopada 2022 r. w Sprawie Og\u0142oszenia Jednolitego Tekstu Rozporz\u0105dzenia Ministra \u015arodowiska w Sprawie Stosowania Komunalnych Osad\u00f3w \u015aciekowych, (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2015, September 01). Rozporz\u0105dzenie Ministra Gospodarki z Dnia 16 Lipca 2015 r. w Sprawie Dopuszczania Odpad\u00f3w do Sk\u0142adowania na Sk\u0142adowiskach, (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2020, September 03). Suszarnie Niskotemperaturowe Czy Technologia Granulacji Osad\u00f3w?. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2018). Strategia Post\u0119powania z Komunalnymi Osadami \u015aciekowymi na lata 2019\u20132022, (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2016.04.021","article-title":"Experimental research of sewage sludge with coal and biomass co-combustion, in pellet form","volume":"53","author":"Wolski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2015.08.015","article-title":"Mechanisms and kinetics of granulated sewage sludge combustion","volume":"46","author":"Wolski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-1285(98)00020-3","article-title":"Sewage sludge combustion","volume":"25","author":"Werther","year":"1999","journal-title":"Prog. Energy Combust. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Tomeczek, J. (1992). Spalanie W\u0119gla, Wydawnictwo Politechniki \u015al\u0105skiej."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Chomiak, J. (1977). Podstawowe Problemy Spalania, PWN. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.124840","article-title":"Comparative Thermal Analysis of Coal Fuels, Biomass, Fly Ash and Polyamide","volume":"258","author":"Szumera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-2619(03)00037-0","article-title":"Co-combustion of sludge with coal","volume":"75","author":"Nadziakiewicz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2015.12.026","article-title":"Combustion of pelleted sewage sludge with reference to coal and biomass","volume":"170","author":"Wolski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Kordylewski, W. (2005). Spalanie i Paliwa, Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wroc\u0142awskiej. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012010","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1398\/1\/012010","article-title":"Analysis of pollutant emissions during circulating fluidized bed combustion of sewage sludge","volume":"1398","author":"Luckos","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2013.01.027","article-title":"SO2 and NOx emissions from sludge combustion in a CO2\/O2 atmosphere","volume":"109","author":"Hua","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-2361(00)00093-4","article-title":"NOx and N2O emission characteristics from fluidised bed combustion of semi-dried municipal sewage sludge","volume":"80","author":"Werther","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2006.10.001","article-title":"Emissions of NOx and N2O during co-combustion of dried sewage sludge with coal in a bubbling fluidized bed combustor","volume":"86","author":"Shimizu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2003.08.006","article-title":"Gaseous emissions from co-combustion of sewage sludge and coal\/wood in a fluidized bed","volume":"83","author":"Leckner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.2478\/s11696-007-0017-4","article-title":"Behaviour of inorganic constituents of municipal sewage sludge during fluidized-bed combustion","volume":"61","author":"Hartman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Pap."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Nadziakiewicz, J. (2001). Spalanie Sta\u0142ych Substancji Odpadowych, Wyd. Gnome. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2020, October 22). Rozporz\u0105dzenie Ministra Klimatu z Dnia 24 Wrze\u015bnia 2020 r. w Sprawie Standard\u00f3w Emisyjnych Dla Niekt\u00f3rych Rodzaj\u00f3w Instalacji, \u0179r\u00f3de\u0142 Spalania Paliw Oraz Urz\u0105dze\u0144 Spalania Lub Wsp\u00f3\u0142spalania Odpad\u00f3w, (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2006.04.031","article-title":"Analysis of fly ash heavy metal content and disposal in three thermal power plants in India","volume":"85","author":"Sushil","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"11","article-title":"Termiczna utylizacja odpad\u00f3w","volume":"2","author":"Piecuch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rocz. Ochr. Sr."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"40","article-title":"Metale ci\u0119\u017ckie w osadach \u015bciekowych","volume":"3","author":"Wilk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ochr. Sr. I Zasob\u00f3w Nat."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2009.06.013","article-title":"Trace elements in coal: Associations with coal and minerals and their behavior during coal utilization\u2014A review","volume":"89","author":"Vejahati","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21239","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c02308","article-title":"Assessment of the Enrichment of Heavy Metals in Coal and Its Combustion Residues","volume":"7","author":"Turhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17952","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-97305-4","article-title":"Heavy metals content in ashes of wood pellets and the health risk assessment related to their presence in the environment","volume":"11","author":"Pazalja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowalik, R., Latos\u00ednska, J., and Gawdzik, J. (2021). Risk Analysis of Heavy Metal Accumulation from Sewage Sludge of Selected Wastewater Treatment Plants in Poland. Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13152070"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1023\/B:WATE.0000015364.19974.36","article-title":"Speciation of metals in sewage sludge and sludge\u2014Amended soils","volume":"152","author":"Shrivastava","year":"2004","journal-title":"Water. Air. Soil. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1007\/s13201-019-0999-4","article-title":"Experimental study on accumulation of heavy metals in vegetables irrigated with treated wastewater","volume":"9","author":"Hussain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Water Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.37763\/wr.1336-4561\/66.1.3948","article-title":"The concentration of selected heavy metals in poplar wood biomass and liquid fraction obtained after high temperature pretreatment","volume":"66","author":"Krutul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wood Res."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"811","article-title":"Distribution and accumulation of heavy metals in Red Cedar (Cedrela odorata) wood seedling grown in dumpsite soil","volume":"23","author":"Akintola","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.13103\/JFHS.2019.34.4.325","article-title":"Distribution Characteristics of Hazardous Heavy Metals in Ginseng and Wood-cultivated Ginseng","volume":"34","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Hyg. Saf."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2022.125528","article-title":"Mercury release from municipal solid waste in the thermal treatment process","volume":"329","author":"Dziok","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e105832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2020.105832","article-title":"Mercury content in woody biomass and its removal in the torrefaction process","volume":"143","author":"Dziok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2018.02.134","article-title":"Mercury release characteristics during pyrolysis of eight bituminous coals","volume":"222","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"473","article-title":"Mercury in bituminous coal used in polish power plants","volume":"61","author":"Burmistrz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1021\/ef060412e","article-title":"An Investigation on Mercury Association in an Alberta Sub-bituminous Coal","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3820(00)00082-5","article-title":"Emissions of mercury, trace elements, and fine particles from stationary combustion sources","volume":"65","author":"Senior","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"79","article-title":"Emisja rt\u0119ci z polskich elektrowni w \u015bwietle konkluzji BAT","volume":"20","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polityka Energetyczna"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.126053","article-title":"Opportunities for reducing mercury emissions in the cement industry","volume":"293","author":"Kogut","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.03.053","article-title":"Possibility of using alternative fuels in Polish power plants in the context of mercury emissions","volume":"126","author":"Dziok","year":"2021","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"191","article-title":"Emisja rt\u0119ci podczas termicznej obr\u00f3bki paliw","volume":"14","author":"Bis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Polityka Energetyczna"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"89","article-title":"Emisja pierwiastk\u00f3w ekotoksycznych z proces\u00f3w spalania paliw sta\u0142ych w \u015bwietle regulacji prawnych","volume":"20","author":"Makowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polityka Energetyczna Energy Policy J."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Lorenz, U. (2005). Skutki Spalania W\u0119gla Kamiennego Dla \u015arodowiska Przyrodniczego i Mo\u017cliwo\u015bci Ich Ograniczania, Szko\u0142a Eksploatacji Podziemnej\u2014Sympozja i Konferencje nr 64. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2016.06.011","article-title":"Lignites and subbituminous coals combustion in Polish power plants as a source of anthropogenic mercury emission","volume":"152","author":"Burmistrz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.firesaf.2022.103643","article-title":"Identifying products of pyrolysis and combustion of materials at incipient stages of fires","volume":"132","author":"Kropotova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fire Saf. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2370(00)00075-9","article-title":"The behaviour of fuel-nitrogen during fast pyrolysis of polyamide at high temperature","volume":"55","author":"Leichtnam","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-3910(97)00066-9","article-title":"Thermal behaviour of polyamide-6-based intumescent formulations\u2014A kinetic study","volume":"58","author":"Siat","year":"1997","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-3057(99)00079-8","article-title":"Kinetic modelling of the thermal degradation: Of polyamide-6 nanocomposite","volume":"36","author":"Dabrowski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.firesaf.2012.08.002","article-title":"High-density polyethylene thermal degradation and gaseous compound evolution in a cone calorimeter","volume":"54","author":"Luche","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fire Saf. J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Chen, H., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y.-M., Kan, W., and Pan, M. (2020). Flame Retardancy of High-Density Polyethylene Composites with P,N-Doped Cellulose Fibrils. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12020336"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.12.056","article-title":"Numerical Study on the Spontaneous Combustion of High-density Polyethylene","volume":"211","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/00222338208056463","article-title":"Combustion Products from Burning Polyethylene","volume":"17","author":"Hodgkin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Macromol. Sci. Part A Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1021\/ef700379c","article-title":"Emissions from the Premixed Combustion of Gasified Polyethylene","volume":"22","author":"Levendis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frolov, S.M., Shamshin, I.O., Kazachenko, M.V., Aksenov, V.S., Bilera, I.V., Ivanov, V.S., and Zvegintsev, V.I. (2021). Polyethylene Pyrolysis Products: Their Detonability in Air and Applicability to Solid-Fuel Detonation Ramjets. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14040820"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anene, A.F., Fredriksen, S.B., S\u00e6tre, K.A., and Tokheim, L.-A. (2018). Experimental Study of Thermal and Catalytic Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste Components. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201810.0223.v1"},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"(2014). W\u0119giel Kamienny i Brunatny\u2014Pobieranie i Przygotowanie Pr\u00f3bek do Bada\u0144 Laboratoryjnych\u2014Metody Podstawowe (Standard No. PN-G-04502:2014-11). (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"(2002). Paliwa Sta\u0142e\u2014Oznaczanie Ciep\u0142a Spalania Metod\u0105 Spalania w Bombie Kalorymetrycznej i Obliczanie Warto\u015bci Opa\u0142owej (Standard No. PN-ISO 1928:2002). (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"(1980). Paliwa Sta\u0142e\u2014Oznaczanie Zawarto\u015bci Wilgoci (Standard No. PN-G-04511:1980). (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"(1980). Paliwa Sta\u0142e\u2014Oznaczanie Zawarto\u015bci Popio\u0142u Metod\u0105 Wagow\u0105 (Standard No. PN-G-04512:1980). (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"(2001). Paliwa Sta\u0142e\u2014Oznaczanie Zawarto\u015bci Siarki Ca\u0142kowitej i Popio\u0142owej Automatycznymi Analizatorami (Standard No. PN-G-04584:2001). (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"(1998). Paliwa Sta\u0142e\u2014Oznaczanie Zawarto\u015bci W\u0119gla, Wodoru i Azotu Automatycznymi Analizatorami\u2014Metoda Makro (Standard No. PN-G-04571:1998). (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"1041","article-title":"Procesy termiczne jako metody redukcji odpad\u00f3w z tworzyw sztucznych\u2014Badania wst\u0119pne w reaktorze ze z\u0142o\u017cem fluidalnym","volume":"65","author":"Jankowski","year":"2011","journal-title":"CHEMIK"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krzywanski, J., Czakiert, T., Zylka, A., Nowak, W., Sosnowski, M., Grabowska, K., Skrobek, D., Sztekler, K., Kulakowska, A., and Ashraf, W.M. (2022). Modelling of SO2 and NOx Emissions from Coal and Biomass Combustion in Air-Firing, Oxyfuel, iG-CLC, and CLOU Conditions by Fuzzy Logic Approach. Energies, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/en15218095"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krzywanski, J. (2019). Heat Transfer Performance in a Superheater of an Industrial CFBC Using Fuzzy Logic-Based Methods. Entropy, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/e21100919"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krzywanski, J., Urbaniak, D., Otwinowski, H., Wylecial, T., and Sosnowski, M. (2020). Fluidized Bed Jet Milling Process Optimized for Mass and Particle Size with a Fuzzy Logic Approach. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13153303"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123896","article-title":"Gaseous emissions from advanced CLC and oxyfuel fluidized bed combustion of coal and biomass in a complex geometry facility: A comprehensive model","volume":"251","author":"Krzywanski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/8\/3213\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:18:42Z","timestamp":1760123922000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/8\/3213"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ma16083213"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma16083213","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]]}}}