{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T19:17:31Z","timestamp":1773429451352,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52274138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52274138"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["51904227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51904227"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U1965107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1965107"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022KJXX-58"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KJXX-58"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["ZD-2021-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZD-2021-01"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Province Innovation Capacity Support Program","award":["52274138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52274138"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Province Innovation Capacity Support Program","award":["51904227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51904227"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Province Innovation Capacity Support Program","award":["U1965107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1965107"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Province Innovation Capacity Support Program","award":["2022KJXX-58"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KJXX-58"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Province Innovation Capacity Support Program","award":["ZD-2021-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZD-2021-01"]}]},{"name":"Yulin High-tech Zone Science and Technology Plan","award":["52274138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52274138"]}]},{"name":"Yulin High-tech Zone Science and Technology Plan","award":["51904227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51904227"]}]},{"name":"Yulin High-tech Zone Science and Technology Plan","award":["U1965107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1965107"]}]},{"name":"Yulin High-tech Zone Science and Technology Plan","award":["2022KJXX-58"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KJXX-58"]}]},{"name":"Yulin High-tech Zone Science and Technology Plan","award":["ZD-2021-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZD-2021-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, the strength and deformation failure characteristics of bearing coal rock mass are related to the confining pressure, and the SAS-2000 experimental system is used to carry out uniaxial and 3, 6, and 9 MPa triaxial tests on coal rock to assess the strength and deformation failure characteristics of coal rock under different confining pressure conditions. The results show that the stress\u2013strain curve of coal rock undergoes four evolutionary stages after fracture: compaction, elasticity, plasticity, and rupture. With confining pressure, the peak strength of coal rock increases, and the elastic modulus increases nonlinearly. The coal sample changes more with confining pressure, and the elastic modulus is generally smaller than that of fine sandstone. The stage of evolution under confining pressure constitutes the failure process of coal rock, with the stress of different evolution stages causing various degrees of damage to coal rock. In the initial compaction stage, the unique pore structure of the coal sample makes the confining pressure effect more apparent; the confining pressure makes the bearing capacity of the coal rock plastic stage stronger, the residual strength of the coal sample has a linear relationship with the confining pressure, and the residual strength of the fine sandstone has a nonlinear relationship with the confining pressure. Changing the confining pressure state will cause the two kinds of coal rock samples to change from brittle failure to plastic failure. Different coal rocks under uniaxial compression experience more brittle failure, and the overall degree of crushing is higher. The coal sample in the triaxial state experiences predominantly ductile fracture. The whole is relatively complete after failure as a shear failure occurs. The fine sandstone specimen experiences brittle failure. The degree of failure is low, and the confining pressure\u2019s effect on the coal sample is obvious.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16083235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T02:01:11Z","timestamp":1681956071000},"page":"3235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Research on the Response Mechanism of Coal Rock Mass under Stress and Pressure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1495-1870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengfei","family":"Shan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Western Mines and Hazard Prevention of Ministry of Education, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"Post-Doctoral Research Workstation, Shaanxi Xiaobaodang Mining Co., Ltd., Yulin 719000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7137-9558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Western Mines and Hazard Prevention of Ministry of Education, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xingping","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Western Mines and Hazard Prevention of Ministry of Education, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Western Mines and Hazard Prevention of Ministry of Education, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1631-5202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingzhou","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaochen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bin County Coal Co., Ltd., Xianyang 712000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"2803","article-title":"Study on the mechanics of deep mining rocks","volume":"24","author":"He","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2016.01.010","article-title":"Effects of strain rate and confining pressure on the compressive behavior of Kuru granite","volume":"91","author":"Hokka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"2161","article-title":"Research and development of rock mechanics in deep grounden gineering","volume":"34","author":"Xie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2016.04.001","article-title":"Influence of confining pressure on the mechanical behavior of Phu Kradung sandstone","volume":"86","author":"Sukplum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2022.104044","article-title":"Infrared radiation quantification of rock damage and its constitutive modeling under loading","volume":"121","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infrared Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, H., Lai, X., Zhang, S., Shan, P., Wu, Z., Xu, H., Bai, R., and Guo, Q. (2022). Precursor Information Recognition of Rockburst in the Coal-Rock Mass of Meizoseismal Area Based on Multiplex Microseismic Information Fusion and Its Application: A Case Study of Wudong Coal Mine. Lithosphere, 7349759.","DOI":"10.2113\/2022\/7349759"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-022-03043-y","article-title":"Effect of Pressure and Stress Cycles on Fluid Flow in Hydraulically Fractured, Low-Porosity, Anisotropic Sandstone","volume":"56","author":"Ibemesi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"929","article-title":"Influence of confining pressure on strength of rock specimen and its discreteness","volume":"33","author":"You","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Feng, G., Zhu, C., Wang, X., and Tang, S. (2022). Effects of different temperatures on the accuracy of the MMTS criterion in predicting fracture behavior of dense granite from a potential geothermal development area. J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Ma, L., Zhai, J., and Ngo, I. (2022). Experimental Study on Preparation of Negative Carbon Filling Material for Water Protection Mining by CO2 Mineralization of Coal-based Solid Waste. J. China Coal Soc., 1049."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s11440-022-01617-2","article-title":"Energy dissimilation characteristics and shock mechanism of coal-rock mass induced in steeply-inclined mining: Comparison based on physical simulation and numerical calculation","volume":"18","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Geotech."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"3125","article-title":"Effect of coal rock heterogeneity on its failure characteristics under uniaxial compression conditions","volume":"42","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Coal Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6304624","DOI":"10.2113\/2021\/7657143","article-title":"Multiscale intelligent inversion of water-conducting fractured zone in coal mine based on elastic modulus calibration rate response and its application: A case study of Ningdong mining area","volume":"2021","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lithosphere"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1522","article-title":"Study on the impact failure characteristics of combined coal rock under the condition of true triaxial plus unloading","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Feng, G., Zhu, C., Wang, X., and Tang, S. Thermal effects on prediction accuracy of dense granite mechanical behaviors using modified maximum tangential stress criterion, J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng., in press."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1341","article-title":"Study on the strength and deformation characteristics of coal rocks under different confining pressures","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Undergr. Space Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"47","article-title":"Experimental study on the influence of equivalent confining pressure on mechanical properties of coal rock under true triaxial conditions","volume":"46","author":"Cu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Coal Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"362","article-title":"Study on the strength deformation characteristics of deep buried Dali rock considering the confining effect","volume":"14","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Undergr. Space Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Study on the confining effect of the energy evolution of the loaded rock","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"320","article-title":"Mechanical characteristics and constitutive relationships of sandstone in Yuheng Mining Area under different confining conditions","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Coal Soc."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"37","article-title":"Mechanical characteristics and failure modes of coal rock under triaxial compression","volume":"49","author":"Ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Coal Mine Saf."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"18","article-title":"Analysis of damage deformation law and acoustic emission characteristics of coal rock under different confining pressures","volume":"15","author":"Cu","year":"2019","journal-title":"China Saf. Prod. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"24","article-title":"Study on triaxial compression mechanical characteristics of raw coal under high stress","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"2432","article-title":"Experimental study on seepage and mechanical characteristics of sandstone under different confining pressure and circulating load","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Cai, M.F., He, M.C., and Liu, D.Y. (2002). Rock Mechanics and Engineering, China Science Publishing & Media Ltd."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/8\/3235\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:19:12Z","timestamp":1760123952000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/8\/3235"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ma16083235"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma16083235","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]]}}}