{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T17:41:39Z","timestamp":1782322899230,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2021-126405OB-C31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-126405OB-C31"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20XD1432400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20XD1432400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GDYJ-RD-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GDYJ-RD-17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003399","name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2021-126405OB-C31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-126405OB-C31"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003399","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003399","name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20XD1432400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20XD1432400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003399","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003399","name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GDYJ-RD-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GDYJ-RD-17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003399","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Yejian Construction Drawing Review Center Co., Ltd.","award":["PID2021-126405OB-C31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-126405OB-C31"]}]},{"name":"Yejian Construction Drawing Review Center Co., Ltd.","award":["20XD1432400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20XD1432400"]}]},{"name":"Yejian Construction Drawing Review Center Co., Ltd.","award":["GDYJ-RD-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GDYJ-RD-17"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A hybrid girder bridge adopts a steel segment at the mid-span of the main span of a continuous concrete girder bridge. The critical point of the hybrid solution is the transition zone, connecting the steel and concrete segments of the beam. Although many girder tests revealing the structural behavior of hybrid girders have been conducted by previous studies, few specimens took the full section of a steel\u2013concrete joint due to the large size of prototype hybrid bridges. In this study, a static load test on a composite segment to bridge the joint between the concrete and steel parts of a hybrid bridge with full section was conducted. A finite element model replicating the tested specimen results was established through Abaqus, while parametric studies were also conducted. The test and numerical results revealed that the concrete filling in the composite solution prevented the steel flange from extensive buckling, which significantly improved the load-carrying capacity of the steel\u2013concrete joint. Meanwhile, strengthening the interaction between the steel and concrete helps to prevent the interlayer slip and simultaneously contributes to a higher flexural stiffness. These results are an important basis for establishing a rational design scheme for the steel\u2013concrete joint of hybrid girder bridges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16083265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T04:48:11Z","timestamp":1682052491000},"page":"3265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Modeling and Testing of a Composite Steel\u2013Concrete Joint for Hybrid Girder Bridges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Bing","family":"Shangguan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bridge Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Yejian Construction Drawing Review Center Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingtian","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bridge Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Engineering Research Center of High Performance Composite Bridge, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4473-4308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan R.","family":"Casas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Catalunya, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6573-5145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hang","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bridge Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China"},{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Catalunya, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Shanghai Research Institute of Building Sciences Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201108, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengyun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bridge Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongxin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Research Institute of Building Sciences Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201108, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.15554\/pcij62.6-01","article-title":"Time-dependent prestress loss behavior of girders in Missouri bridge A7957 compared with a US data set of high-performance concrete bridge girders","volume":"62","author":"Alghazali","year":"2017","journal-title":"PCI J."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"617","article-title":"Prestress and excitation force identification in a prestressed concrete box-girder bridge","volume":"20","author":"Xiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Concr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, X., Ye, J., and Wu, W. (2013). Advances in Civil Engineering II, PTS 1\u20134, Trans Tech Publications Ltd.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/307171"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Yuan, M., and Yan, D.-h. (2011). Advances in Structures, PTS 1\u20135, Trans Tech Publications Ltd."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1084-0702(2007)12:5(535)","article-title":"Shear capacity of hybrid plate girders","volume":"12","author":"Azizinarnini","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bridge Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.2749\/101686616X14555429843889","article-title":"New Songhua River Bridge: A Continuous Girder, Tied Arch, Hybrid Bridge with Four Rail Tracks in Harbin, China","volume":"26","author":"Dai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Struct. Eng. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2005.05.002","article-title":"Large scale hybrid FRP composite girders for use in bridge structures\u2014Theory, test and field application","volume":"36","author":"Hejll","year":"2005","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1084-0702(2006)11:3(329)","article-title":"Torsional design of hybrid concrete box girders","volume":"11","author":"Mo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Bridge Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1002\/stab.201310111","article-title":"Design developments for roadway bridges based on new hybrid structures\u2014Part 2: Cable stayed bridges","volume":"82","author":"Wagner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stahlbau"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Zhang, G.Y. (2005). Sensing Issues in Civil Structural Health Monitoring, Springer."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.12989\/was.2007.10.6.533","article-title":"Investigation on mechanics performance of cable-stayed-suspension hybrid bridges","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Wind. Struct."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Zhong, J., Jiang, L., and Yuan, W. (2018, January 29\u201330). Retracted: Analysis of the Seismic Vulnerability of Simply-supported Girder Bridge under Two Level Seismic Hazard. In Proceedings of 2018 3rd International Conference on Smart City and Systems Engineering (ICSCSE), Xiamen, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSCSE.2018.00041"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9845(200005)29:5<731::AID-EQE931>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Dynamic investigation of a hybrid suspension and cable-stayed bridge","volume":"29","author":"Paultre","year":"2000","journal-title":"Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2011.04.012","article-title":"Experimental study on joint of spliced steel-PSC hybrid girder, Part I: Proposed parallel-perfobond-rib-type joint","volume":"33","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2011.05.016","article-title":"Experimental study on joint of spliced steel-PSC hybrid girder, part II: Full-scale test of spliced hybrid I-girder","volume":"33","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, W., Liang, B., and Wang, W. (2015, January 28\u201329). Research on Structure of Steel-concrete Joint Section in Hybrid Girder of a Grand Bridge. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Civil Engineering and Transportation 2015, Guangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.2991\/iccet-15.2015.71"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"43","article-title":"Using Steel-Concrete Hybrid Structure in Long-Span Continuous Rigid Frame Bridge","volume":"28","author":"Xing","year":"2007","journal-title":"China Railw. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"48","article-title":"Model Test and Mechanical Behavior Analysis of Steel-concrete Joint of Hybrid Girder","volume":"36","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Civ. Archit. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Qin, F.J., Di, J., Dai, J., Lu, W.R., and Zhao, M. (2013). Construction and Urban Planning, PTS 1\u20134, Trans Tech Publications Ltd."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1177\/1369433218796411","article-title":"Experimental studies on seismic behavior of precast hybrid steel-concrete beam","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"05022011","DOI":"10.1061\/JBENF2.BEENG-5798","article-title":"An Explicit Approach for Determining the Rational Length of Steel Portion in Steel-Concrete Hybrid Girder Bridges","volume":"28","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Bridge Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2021.112371","article-title":"Shear performance and dimension rationalization study on the rubber sleeved stud connector in continuous composite girder","volume":"240","author":"Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.istruc.2022.10.082","article-title":"Influence mechanism of Steel-concrete interlayer partial shear connections on mechanical properties of composite girders","volume":"46","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Structures"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcsr.2022.107492","article-title":"Mechanical performance based rationalization research on steel-concrete double composite action","volume":"197","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Constr. Steel Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2012.11.004","article-title":"Flexural and shear capacity of composite steel truss and concrete beams with inferior precast concrete base","volume":"49","author":"Tesser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.134","article-title":"Stress transfer and failure mechanisms in steel-concrete trussed beams: Experimental investigation on slab-thick and full-thick beams","volume":"161","author":"Colajanni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"51","article-title":"Dissipative connections of RC frames with prefabricated steel-trussed-concrete beams","volume":"37","author":"Colajanni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ing. Sismica"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2002). Standard for Test Method of Mechanical Properties on Ordinary Concrete (Standard No. GB\/T 50081-2002)."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2014). ABAQUS 6.13 User\u2019s Manual, Dassault Systemes Simulia Corp."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(1985)111:3(505)","article-title":"Friction coefficient of steel on concrete or grout","volume":"111","author":"Rabbat","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Struct. Eng. Asce"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Kaminska, I., and Szwed, A. (2017). RSP 2017\u2014XXVI R-S-P Seminar 2017 Theoretical Foundation of Civil Engineering, EDP Sciences."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s10704-006-8379-0","article-title":"Damage-plasticity modelling of concrete: Calibration of parameters using separation of fracture energy","volume":"139","author":"Nguyen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Fract."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2018.10.042","article-title":"A plastic-damage model for concrete under compression","volume":"150","author":"Sarikaya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2015). Code for Design of Concrete Structures (Standard No. GB50010-2010)."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(1992). Eurocode-2: Design of Concrete Structures, Part1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings (Standard No. ENV1992-1-1)."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(1988)114:8(1804)","article-title":"Theoretical stress-strain model for confined concrete","volume":"114","author":"Mander","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Struct. Eng. Asce"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/8\/3265\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:20:26Z","timestamp":1760124026000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/8\/3265"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ma16083265"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma16083265","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]]}}}