{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T10:14:39Z","timestamp":1777803279732,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Torun Center of Excellence \u201cTowards Personalized Medicine\u201d operating under the Excellence Initiative-Research University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Modern analytical chemistry techniques meet the need for greater attention to ecological and economic aspects. It is becoming necessary to seek solutions to reduce harmful waste production, especially in large quantities. High-performance liquid chromatography is a technique widely used in many industries, including mainly pharmaceuticals, and requires an approach to reduce the significant amount of organic solvent waste. One of the green chemistry solutions is using environmentally benign substitutes, such as pure water, supercritical dioxide, and ethanol. Our work focuses on the preparation and application of new stationary phases with embedded hydrophilic groups for separations using pure water in liquid chromatography. Polar-embedded stationary phases are obtained by attaching a phosphodiester group and 4 different hydrophobic molecules. The studies consisted of hydrophobicity measurements, concentration dependence of retention of the organic additive to the mobile phase, and chromatographic separations of polar and non-polar substance mixtures in RP-LC and HILIC systems. Three mixtures were studied: purine alkaloids, benzene, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nucleosides. The stationary phases interact differently with the analytes depending on the attached hydrophobic group. It is possible to use pure water to separate each mixture under study. It is also significant that it has been possible to separate a mixture of completely non-polar compounds using pure water for the first time. The research being carried out is crucial in synthesizing new polar-embedded stationary phases, providing work versatility and high environmental performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16093539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T08:12:11Z","timestamp":1683274331000},"page":"3539","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Phosphodiester Stationary Phases as Universal Chromatographic Materials for Separation in RP LC, HILIC, and Pure Aqueous Mobile Phase"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2222-0421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miko\u0142aj","family":"Dembek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Str., 87-100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3936-447X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szymon","family":"Bocian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Str., 87-100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2013.07.099","article-title":"Green chromatography","volume":"1307","author":"Tobiszewski","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(00)85726-X","article-title":"Gradient elution in high-performance liquid chromatography. I. Theoretical basis for reversed-phase systems","volume":"165","author":"Snyder","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kazakevich, Y., and Lobrutto, R. (2007). HPLC for Pharmaceuticals Scientist, John Wiley and Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/0470087951"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2017.01.060","article-title":"Recent advances in stationary phases and understanding of retention in hydrophilic interaction chromatography. A review","volume":"967","author":"Jandera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4369","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.201600799","article-title":"Solvation processes on phenyl-bonded stationary phases\u2014The influence of polar functional groups","volume":"39","author":"Bocian","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2012.12.077","article-title":"Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography columns classification by effect of solvation and chemometric methods","volume":"1278","author":"Noga","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2008.07.056","article-title":"Solvent excess adsorption on the stationary phases for reversed-phase liquid chromatography with polar functional groups","volume":"1204","author":"Bocian","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(00)96972-3","article-title":"Hydrophilic-interaction chromatography for the separation of peptides, nucleic acids and other polar compounds","volume":"499","author":"Alpert","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-011-5308-5","article-title":"Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)\u2014A powerful separation technique","volume":"402","author":"Noga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2011.02.047","article-title":"Stationary and mobile phases in hydrophilic interaction chromatography: A review","volume":"692","author":"Jandera","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2003.11.075","article-title":"Study of electroosmotic flow in packed capillary columns","volume":"1032","author":"Szumski","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2014.11.028","article-title":"Adsorption of water from aqueous acetonitrile on silica-based stationary phases in aqeous normal-phase liquid chromatography","volume":"1374","author":"Soukup","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dembek, M., and Bocian, S. (2022). Stationary Phases for Green Liquid Chromatography. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15020419"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2005.07.109","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of a novel resorcinarene-based stationary phase bearing polar headgroups for use in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography","volume":"1095","author":"Ruderisch","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3603","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.200900344","article-title":"Utilization of dual retention mechanism on columns with bonded PEG and diol stationary phases for adjusting the separation selectivity of phenolic and flavone natural antioxidants","volume":"32","author":"Jandera","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.200700483","article-title":"Comparison of retention on traditional alkyl, Polar endcapped, and Polar embedded group stationary phases","volume":"31","author":"Coym","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1039\/C7AN01634D","article-title":"The versatility of N, O -dialkylphosphoramidate stationary phase-separations in HILIC, highly aqueous RP LC conditions and purely aqueous mobile phase","volume":"143","author":"Bocian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/17518253.2019.1576775","article-title":"The separations using pure water as a mobile phase in liquid chromatography using polar-embedded stationary phases","volume":"12","author":"Bocian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Green Chem. Lett. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4296","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.201800830","article-title":"The competitiveness of solvent adsorption on polar-embedded stationary phases","volume":"41","author":"Dembek","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2020.461853","article-title":"Surface properties of stationary phases with embedded polar group based on secondary interaction, zeta potential measurement and linear solvatation energy relationship studies","volume":"1637","author":"Bocian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.200900678","article-title":"Dual hydrophilic interaction-RP retention mechanism on polar columns: Structural correlations and implementation for 2-D separations on a single column","volume":"33","author":"Jandera","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2009.12.004","article-title":"Efficiency of the same neat silica column in hydrophilic interaction chromatography and per aqueous liquid chromatography","volume":"1217","author":"Gritti","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2010.03.008","article-title":"Greening analytical chromatography","volume":"29","author":"Welch","year":"2010","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2019.115793","article-title":"Pure water as a mobile phase in liquid chromatography techniques","volume":"123","author":"Dembek","year":"2020","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2022.108303","article-title":"Polar-embedded phenyl dendritic stationary phase for multi-mode chromatographic separation","volume":"185","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2020.105021","article-title":"Preparation and performance of a poly(ethyleneimine) embedded N-acetyl-L-phenylalanine mixed-mode stationary phase for HPLC","volume":"157","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2014.10.073","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of surfactin-modified silica stationary phase for reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography","volume":"1371","author":"Ohyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s10337-011-2120-5","article-title":"Preparation and evaluation of poly-l-lysine stationary phase for hydrophilic interaction\/reversed-phase mixed-mode chromatography","volume":"74","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chromatographia"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2012.11.045","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of novel polar-embedded silica stationary phases for use in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography","volume":"1271","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2010.04.068","article-title":"Polar-copolymerized approach based on horizontal polymerization on silica surface for preparation of polar-modified stationary phases","volume":"1217","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dembek, M., Bocian, S., and Buszewski, B. (2022). Solvent Influence on Zeta Potential of Stationary Phase\u2014Mobile Phase Interface. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27030968"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3310","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.202200389","article-title":"Optimization of the packing process of microcolumns with the embedded phosphodiester stationary phases","volume":"45","author":"Dembek","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02263833","article-title":"The calculation of retention and selectivity in reversed-phase liquid chromatography II. Methanol-water eluents","volume":"36","author":"Galushko","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chromatographia"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(00)00276-4","article-title":"Hydrodynamic aspects of slurry packing processes in microcolumn liquid chromatography","volume":"883","author":"Vissers","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2010.12.044","article-title":"Industrial application of green chromatography\u2014I. Separation and analysis of niacinamide in skincare creams using pure water as the mobile phase","volume":"84","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1039\/b203298h","article-title":"On-line coupled superheated water extraction (SWE) and superheated water chromatography (SWC)","volume":"127","author":"Tajuddin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(01)01321-8","article-title":"Temperature selectivity in reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography","volume":"965","author":"Dolan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/9\/3539\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:29:43Z","timestamp":1760124583000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/9\/3539"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ma16093539"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma16093539","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]]}}}