{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:10:26Z","timestamp":1760148626021,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]],"date-time":"2023-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electrophotographic printing and copying processes primarily use toner, which is a mixture of colorant, polymer, and additives. Toner can be made using traditional mechanical milling techniques or more contemporary chemical polymerization techniques. Suspension polymerization provides spherical particles with less stabilizer adsorption, homogeneous monomers, higher purity, and easier control of the reaction temperature. In contrast to these advantages, however, the particle size resulting from suspension polymerization is too large for toner. To overcome this disadvantage, devices such as high-speed stirrers and homogenizers can be used to reduce the size of the droplets. This research investigated the use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) instead of carbon black as the pigment in toner development. We succeeded in achieving a good dispersion of four different types of CNT, specifically modified with NH2 and Boron or unmodified with long or short chains in water rather than chloroform, using sodium n-dodecyl sulfate as a stabilizer. We then performed polymerization of the monomers styrene and butyl acrylate in the presence of the different CNT types and found that the best monomer conversion and largest particles (in the micron range) occurred with CNTs modified with boron. The insertion of a charge control agent into the polymerized particles was achieved. Monomer conversion of over 90% was realized with all concentrations of MEP-51, whereas conversion was under 70% with all concentrations of MEC-88. Furthermore, analysis with dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that all polymerized particles were in the micron size range, suggesting that our newly developed toner particles were less harmful and environmentally friendly products than those typically and commercially available. The SEM micrographs clearly showed good dispersion and attachment of the CNTs on the polymerized particles (no CNT aggregation was found), which has never been published before.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16113941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T02:30:06Z","timestamp":1684981806000},"page":"3941","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Encapsulation of Carbon Nanotubes by Styrene and Butyl Acrylate Particles via Suspension Polymerization for Polymerized Toner Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4925-7192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eid M.","family":"Alosime","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omar A.","family":"Adam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden e.V., Hohe Stra\u00dfe 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8593-8085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed A.","family":"Basfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Nuclear Engineering Program, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Diamond, A.S. (2001). 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