{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T23:13:55Z","timestamp":1787872435709,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Croatian Science Foundation","award":["IPS-2020-01-7418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IPS-2020-01-7418"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite numerous studies on ion release from orthodontic appliances, no clear conclusions can be drawn due to complex interrelations of multiple factors. Therefore, as the first part of a comprehensive investigation of cytotoxicity of eluted ions, the objective of this study was to analyze four parts of a fixed orthodontic appliance. Specifically, NiTi archwires and stainless steel (SS) brackets, bands, and ligatures were immersed in artificial saliva and studied for morphological and chemical changes after 3-, 7-, and 14-day immersion, using the SEM\/EDX technique. Ion release profiles were analyzed for all eluted ions using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results demonstrated dissimilar surface morphologies among parts of the fixed appliance, due to variations in manufacturing processes. The onset of pitting corrosion was observed for the SS brackets and bands in the as-received state. Protective oxide layers were not observed on any of the parts, but adherent layers developed on SS brackets and ligatures during immersion. Salt precipitation, mainly KCl, was also observed. ICP-MS proved to be more sensitive than SEM\/EDX and exhibited results undetected by SEM\/EDX. Ion release was an order-of-magnitude higher for SS bands compared to other parts, which was attributed to manufacturing procedure (welding). Ion release did not correlate with surface roughness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16114156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T08:50:31Z","timestamp":1685695831000},"page":"4156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Cytotoxicity of Metal Ions Released from NiTi and Stainless Steel Orthodontic Appliances, Part 1: Surface Morphology and Ion Release Variations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6028-5429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirna","family":"Petkovi\u0107 Didovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7911-7380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"Jelovica Badovinac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics and Centre for Micro- and Nanosciences and Technologies, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matej\u010di\u0107 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7628-9045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u017deljka","family":"Fiket","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ru\u0111er Bo\u0161kovi\u0107 Institute, Bijeni\u010dka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8326-0988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jure","family":"\u017digon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6056-5334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marijana","family":"Rin\u010di\u0107 Mlinari\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Orthodontic Practice, Katarine Zrinske 1b, 23000 Zadar, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordana","family":"\u010canadi Jure\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Schmalz, G., and Arenholt-Bindslev, D. (2009). Biocompatibility of Dental Materials, Springer."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.02.005","article-title":"Comparison of Metal Release from Various Metallic Biomaterials in Vitro","volume":"26","author":"Okazaki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3913(00)80016-5","article-title":"Biocompatibility of Dental Casting Alloys: A Review","volume":"83","author":"Wataha","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aliofkhazraei, M. (2015). 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