{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T05:02:03Z","timestamp":1790485323360,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]],"date-time":"2023-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["51965022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51965022"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["51701074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51701074"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["51761012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51761012"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["20202BABL204046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20202BABL204046"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["20192BAB206028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20192BAB206028"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["GJJ 200606"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJJ 200606"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","award":["51965022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51965022"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","award":["51701074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51701074"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","award":["51761012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51761012"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","award":["20202BABL204046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20202BABL204046"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","award":["20192BAB206028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20192BAB206028"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","award":["GJJ 200606"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJJ 200606"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province Education Department","award":["51965022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51965022"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province Education Department","award":["51701074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51701074"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province Education Department","award":["51761012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51761012"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province Education Department","award":["20202BABL204046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20202BABL204046"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province Education Department","award":["20192BAB206028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20192BAB206028"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province Education Department","award":["GJJ 200606"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJJ 200606"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the development of high-speed and heavy-haul railway transportation, the surface failure of rail turnouts has become increasingly severe due to insufficient high hardness-toughness combination. In this work, in situ bainite steel matrix composites with WC primary reinforcement were fabricated via direct laser deposition (DLD). With the increased primary reinforcement content, the adaptive adjustments of the matrix microstructure and in situ reinforcement were obtained at the same time. Furthermore, the dependence of the adaptive adjustment of the composite microstructure on the composites\u2019 balance of hardness and impact toughness was evaluated. During DLD, the laser induces an interaction among the primary composite powders, which leads to obvious changes in the phase composition and morphology of the composites. With the increased WC primary reinforcement content, the dominant sheaves of the lath-like bainite and the few island-like retained austenite are changed into needle-like lower bainite and plenty of block-like retained austenite in the matrix, and the final reinforcement of Fe3W3C and WC is obtained. In addition, with the increased primary reinforcement content, the microhardness of the bainite steel matrix composites increases remarkably, but the impact toughness decreases. However, compared with conventional metal matrix composites, the in situ bainite steel matrix composites manufactured via DLD possess a much better hardness-toughness balance, which can be attributed to the adaptive adjustment of the matrix microstructure. This work provides a new insight into obtaining new materials with a good combination of hardness and toughness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16124437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]],"date-time":"2023-06-16T08:56:01Z","timestamp":1686905761000},"page":"4437","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Enhanced Hardness-Toughness Balance Induced by Adaptive Adjustment of the Matrix Microstructure in In Situ Composites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mingjuan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Vehicles and Laser Additive Manufacturing of Nanchang City, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Vehicle and Equipment of Education Ministry, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Vehicles and Laser Additive Manufacturing of Nanchang City, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Vehicle and Equipment of Education Ministry, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumeng","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Vehicles and Laser Additive Manufacturing of Nanchang City, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Vehicle and Equipment of Education Ministry, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haichao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Vehicles and Laser Additive Manufacturing of Nanchang City, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Vehicle and Equipment of Education Ministry, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5396-3474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Longzhi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Vehicles and Laser Additive Manufacturing of Nanchang City, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Vehicle and Equipment of Education Ministry, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Performance Monitoring and Protecting of Rail Transit Infrastructure, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dejia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Vehicles and Laser Additive Manufacturing of Nanchang City, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Vehicle and Equipment of Education Ministry, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Performance Monitoring and Protecting of Rail Transit Infrastructure, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4347-7012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haitao","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Vehicles and Laser Additive Manufacturing of Nanchang City, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Vehicle and Equipment of Education Ministry, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Performance Monitoring and Protecting of Rail Transit Infrastructure, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanchang Railway Tongda Industry and Trade Co., Ltd., Nanchang 330026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8114-5871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanchuan","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Vehicles and Laser Additive Manufacturing of Nanchang City, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Vehicle and Equipment of Education Ministry, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of 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