{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T15:38:44Z","timestamp":1790177924918,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["51871087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51871087"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["E2021202140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E2021202140"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["EERI_OY2022009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EERI_OY2022009"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["225676163GH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["225676163GH"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province, China","award":["51871087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51871087"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province, China","award":["E2021202140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E2021202140"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province, China","award":["EERI_OY2022009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EERI_OY2022009"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province, China","award":["225676163GH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["225676163GH"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Fund for Outstanding Youth","award":["51871087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51871087"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Fund for Outstanding Youth","award":["E2021202140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E2021202140"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Fund for Outstanding Youth","award":["EERI_OY2022009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EERI_OY2022009"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Fund for Outstanding Youth","award":["225676163GH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["225676163GH"]}]},{"name":"S&amp;T Program of Hebei","award":["51871087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51871087"]}]},{"name":"S&amp;T Program of Hebei","award":["E2021202140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E2021202140"]}]},{"name":"S&amp;T Program of Hebei","award":["EERI_OY2022009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EERI_OY2022009"]}]},{"name":"S&amp;T Program of Hebei","award":["225676163GH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["225676163GH"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A TiAl composite containing hybrid particles and whisker reinforcements is fabricated by vacuum melting. The results of this study show that the comprehensive mechanical properties and refining effect of the material are best when the content of reinforcement is 1 wt.%, and then the mechanical properties begin to deteriorate as the content increases further. Finely dispersed NbC particles and uniformly dispersed Ti2AlC whiskers are the ideal second phases. The synergistic strengthening effect of NbC particles and in situ Ti2AlC whiskers are key to the improvement of mechanical properties. Compared with the TiAlNb matrix, the fracture stress\/strain of the composite at 1073 K is improved from 612 MPa\/19.4% to 836 MPa\/26.6%; the fracture toughness at room temperature is improved from 18.8 MPa\/m2 to 27.4 MPa\/m2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16134661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T01:15:47Z","timestamp":1688001347000},"page":"4661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Dual Scaled NbC\/Ti2AlC Reinforced Titanium\u2013Aluminum Composite"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2642-4827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sen","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang 050043, China"},{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunxiang","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3606-3014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2022.167611","article-title":"A review of microstructure control and mechanical performance optimization of \u03b3-TiAl alloys","volume":"932","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avdeeva, V., Bazhina, A., and Antipov, M. (2023). Relationship between Structure and Properties of Intermetallic Materials Based on \u03b3-TiAl Hardened In Situ with Ti3Al. Metals, 6.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4399179"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2020.01.021","article-title":"New insights into high-temperature deformation and phase transformation mechanisms of lamellar structures in high Nb-containing TiAl alloys","volume":"186","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnsc.2023.05.002","article-title":"The microstructure evolution and phase transformation behavior of a \u03b2-solidifying \u03b3-TiAl alloy during creep","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2013.02.005","article-title":"Effects of extrusion deformation on microstructure, mechanical properties and hot workability of \u03b2 containing TiAl alloy","volume":"571","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2013.08.013","article-title":"Study on mechanical and wear properties of Al. 7075\/Al2O3\/graphite hybrid composites","volume":"56","author":"Baradeswaran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compos. B Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2023.110980","article-title":"Isothermal oxidation behavior of high-Nb-containing TiAl alloys doped with W, B, Y, and C\/Si","volume":"213","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2023.03.006","article-title":"Experimental characterization of tool wear morphology in milling of Al520-MMC reinforced with SiC particles and additive elements Bi and Sn","volume":"23","author":"Sougavabar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2023.169557","article-title":"In-situ synthesized TiC\/Ti-6Al-4V composites by elemental powder mixing and spark plasma sintering: Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties","volume":"947","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2023.04.160","article-title":"Microstructure evolution, mechanical properties, and strengthening mechanisms of heat-resistant Al-based composite reinforced by a combination of AlN and TiN particles","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2022.110267","article-title":"Synergistic reinforcement effect of Fe and in-situ synthesized MgAlB4 whiskers in Al matrix composites","volume":"246","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compos. B Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2022.204312","article-title":"Effects of chromium carbide volume fraction on high-stress abrasion performance of NbC-bearing high chromium white cast irons","volume":"498\u2013499","author":"Pourasiabi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2023.04.221","article-title":"Effects of in situ NbC on the microstructure and high-temperature friction wear properties of 4Cr5MoSiV1 steel","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2022.111497","article-title":"Elastic properties, tensile strength, damage tolerance, electronic and thermal properties of TM3AlC2 (TM = Ti, Zr and Hf) MAX phases: A first-principles study","volume":"206","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2022.05.013","article-title":"A review of novel ternary nano-layered MAX phases reinforced AZ91D magnesium composite","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloy."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2020.110812","article-title":"Microstructure, electrical and mechanical properties of Ti2AlN MAX phase reinforced copper matrix composites processed by hot pressing","volume":"171","author":"Salvo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2023.156491","article-title":"Revealing the interface properties of the Ti2AlC\/TiAl composite from a first principles investigation","volume":"617","author":"Pei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intermet.2023.107937","article-title":"In situ synthesis of nano\/micron Ti2AlC reinforced high-Nb TiAl composites: Microstructure and mechanical properties","volume":"159","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intermetallics"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2022.168159","article-title":"Comparing the role of Zr and Hf atoms on microstructure and mechanical properties optimization of Ti2AlN reinforced Ti48Al0.5W composites","volume":"935","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2021.110225","article-title":"High temperature micromechanical behavior of Ti2AlN particle reinforced TiAl based composites investigated by in-situ high-energy X-ray diffraction","volume":"212","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2018.10.178","article-title":"Fabrication, microstructure characterization and fracture behavior of a unique micro-laminated TiB-TiAl composites","volume":"775","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intermet.2018.04.012","article-title":"Processing, microstructure and mechanical properties of in-situ Ti3Al+TiAl matrix composite reinforced with Ti2AlC particles prepared by centrifugal casting","volume":"98","author":"Lapin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intermetallics"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1088\/0370-1301\/64\/9\/303","article-title":"The deformation and ageing of mild steel: III discussion of results","volume":"64","author":"Hall","year":"1951","journal-title":"Proc. Phys. Soc. Sect. B"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2021.160912","article-title":"Mechanisms for refining precipitation and improving strengthening of annealed Cu-2Ag alloy via La modification","volume":"883","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2022.144119","article-title":"Cracking inhibition behavior and the strengthening effect of TiC particles on the CM247LC superalloy prepared by selective laser melting","volume":"858","author":"Lv","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2022.128462","article-title":"Strengthening mechanisms and tensile properties of 20Cr2Mn2Mo processed by laser shock peening and vacuum carbonitriding","volume":"439","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3544","article-title":"Nanostructured high-strength molybdenum alloys with unprecedented tensile ductility","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2019.138170","article-title":"Unveiling the impact of the effective particles distribution on strengthening mechanisms: A multiscale characterization of Mg+Y2O3 nanocomposites","volume":"764","author":"Mallmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2022.142958","article-title":"Ultrasound-assisted dispersion of TiB2 nanoparticles in 7075 matrix hybrid composites","volume":"840","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2007.05.032","article-title":"Properties and deformation behaviour of Mg-Y2O3 nanocomposites","volume":"55","author":"Goh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Mater."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/13\/4661\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:02:46Z","timestamp":1760126566000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/13\/4661"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ma16134661"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma16134661","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]]}}}