{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T23:42:18Z","timestamp":1789774938947,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China","award":["17116819"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17116819"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Controlled drug delivery in the oral cavity poses challenges such as bacterial contamination, saliva dilution, and inactivation by salivary enzymes upon ingestion. Microneedles offer a location-specific, minimally invasive, and retentive approach. Hydrogel-forming microneedles (HFMs) have emerged for dental diagnostics and therapeutics. HFMs penetrate the stratum corneum, undergo swelling upon contact, secure attachment, and enable sustained transdermal or transmucosal drug delivery. Commonly employed polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone are crosslinked with tartaric acid or its derivatives while incorporating therapeutic agents. Microneedle patches provide suture-free and painless drug delivery to keratinized or non-keratinized mucosa, facilitating site-specific treatment and patient compliance. This review comprehensively discusses HFMs\u2019 applications in dentistry such as local anesthesia, oral ulcer management, periodontal treatment, etc., encompassing animal experiments, clinical trials, and their fundamental impact and limitations, for example, restricted drug carrying capacity and, until now, a low number of dental clinical trial reports. The review explores the advantages and future perspectives of HFMs for oral drug delivery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16134805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,4]],"date-time":"2023-07-04T01:42:47Z","timestamp":1688434967000},"page":"4805","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Hydrogel-Forming Microneedles with Applications in Oral Diseases Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yuqing","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duohang","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5865-8225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhekai","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanqi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yijing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1346-0327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wai Keung","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3109\/10717541003667798","article-title":"Microneedle-based drug delivery systems: Microfabrication, drug delivery, and safety","volume":"17","author":"Donnelly","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2019.03.007","article-title":"Recent advances of microneedles for biomedical applications: Drug delivery and beyond","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2012.04.005","article-title":"Microneedles for drug and vaccine delivery","volume":"64","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2021.112226","article-title":"Hydrogel-forming microneedles for rapid and efficient skin deposition of controlled release tip-implants","volume":"127","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12209","article-title":"Hydrogel-forming and dissolving microneedles for enhanced delivery of photosensitizers and precursors","volume":"90","author":"Donnelly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Damiri, F., Kommineni, N., Ebhodaghe, S.O., Bulusu, R., Jyothi, V.G.S.S., Sayed, A.A., Awaji, A.A., Germoush, M.O., Al-malky, H.S., and Nasrullah, M.Z. (2022). Microneedle-based natural polysaccharide for drug delivery systems (DDS): Progress and challenges. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15020190"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2000307","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.202000307","article-title":"Hydrogel-forming microneedles: Current advancements and future trends","volume":"21","author":"Turner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002759","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202002759","article-title":"Tailoring gelation mechanisms for advanced hydrogel applications","volume":"30","author":"Nele","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2147","article-title":"Structure starts to gel","volume":"7","author":"Elisseeff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Mate."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000171","DOI":"10.1002\/adtp.202000171","article-title":"Engineered microneedle patches for controlled release of active compounds: Recent advances in release rrofile tuning","volume":"3","author":"Jamaledin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics7040438","article-title":"Transdermal drug delivery: Innovative pharmaceutical developments based on disruption of the barrier properties of the stratum corneum","volume":"7","author":"Alkilani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caffarel-Salvador, E., Brady, A.J., Eltayib, E., Meng, T., Alonso-Vicente, A., Gonzalez-Vazquez, P., Torrisi, B.M., Vicente-Perez, E.M., Mooney, K., and Jones, D.S. (2015). Hydrogel-forming microneedle arrays allow detection of drugs and glucose in vivo: Potential for use in diagnosis and therapeutic drug monitoring. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145644"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.119439","article-title":"Bio-inspired swellable hydrogel-forming double-layered adhesive microneedle protein patch for regenerative internal\/external surgical closure","volume":"222","author":"Jeon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farias, C., Lyman, R., Hemingway, C., Chau, H., Mahacek, A., Bouzos, E., and Mobed-Miremadi, M. (2018). Three-dimensional (3D) printed microneedles for microencapsulated cell extrusion. Bioengineering, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering5030059"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Homayun, B., Lin, X., and Choi, H.-J. (2019). Challenges and recent progress in oral drug delivery systems for biopharmaceuticals. Pharmaceutics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11030129"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3839","article-title":"A practical guide to hydrogels for cell culture","volume":"13","author":"Caliari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francis, R., and Kumar, D.S. (2016). Biomedical Applications of Polymeric Materials and Composites, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. Chapter 6.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527690916"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900670","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201900670","article-title":"Natural polymer-based hydrogels with enhanced mechanical performances: Preparation, structure, and property","volume":"8","author":"Bao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1080\/03639040902882280","article-title":"Processing difficulties and instability of carbohydrate microneedle arrays","volume":"35","author":"Donnelly","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838179","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.838179","article-title":"Polysaccharides as potential anti-tumor biomacromolecules -A review","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.054","article-title":"A pectin-like polysaccharide from Polygala tenuifolia inhibits pancreatic cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo by inducing apoptosis and suppressing autophagy","volume":"162","author":"Bian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2012.07.026","article-title":"Anticancer polysaccharides from natural resources: A review of recent research","volume":"90","author":"Zong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2005.03.001","article-title":"Controlled transdermal delivery of model drug compounds by MEMS microneedle array","volume":"1","author":"Xie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1801180","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201801180","article-title":"Microneedle-mediated vaccine delivery to the oral mucosa","volume":"8","author":"Creighton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-016-1979-0","article-title":"Is there an optimal formulation and delivery strategy for subunit vaccines?","volume":"33","author":"Bobbala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.07.002","article-title":"Chitosan hydrogel incorporated with dental pulp stem cell-derived exosomes alleviates periodontitis in mice via a macrophage-dependent mechanism","volume":"5","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12723","article-title":"Microneedle applications in improving skin appearance","volume":"24","author":"McCrudden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-007-9286-4","article-title":"Coating formulations for microneedles","volume":"24","author":"Gill","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2012.05.030","article-title":"The development and characteristics of novel microneedle arrays fabricated from hyaluronic acid, and their application in the transdermal delivery of insulin","volume":"161","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, T., Yu, X., Yi, X., Guo, X., Li, L., Hao, Y., and Wang, W. (2022). Lidocaine-loaded hyaluronic acid adhesive microneedle patch for oral mucosal topical anesthesia. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14040686"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2007.03.006","article-title":"Impression materials: A comparative review of impression materials most commonly used in restorative dentistry","volume":"51","author":"Rubel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dent. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demir, Y.K., Akan, Z., and Kerimoglu, O. (2013). Characterization of polymeric microneedle arrays for transdermal drug delivery. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077289"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R52","DOI":"10.1186\/cc8943","article-title":"Management of bleeding following major trauma: An updated European guideline","volume":"14","author":"Rossaint","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, Y., Gao, P., He, F., and Zhang, C. (2022). Application of alginate-based hydrogels in hemostasis. Gels, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels8020109"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8603","DOI":"10.1039\/C9SM01296F","article-title":"Co-assembled supramolecular hydrogels of cell adhesive peptide and alginate for rapid hemostasis and efficacious wound healing","volume":"15","author":"Zhai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112113","article-title":"Hydrogel-coated needles prevent puncture site bleeding in arteriovenous fistula and arteriovenous grafts in rats","volume":"143","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39349","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA06103J","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of nanoparticle reinforced alginate fibers with high porosity for potential wound dressing application","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700670","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201700670","article-title":"Human periodontal ligament- and gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells promote nerve regeneration when encapsulated in alginate\/hyaluronic acid 3D scaffold","volume":"6","author":"Ansari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3285","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.34546","article-title":"Encapsulated dental-derived mesenchymal stem cells in an injectable and biodegradable scaffold for applications in bone tissue engineering","volume":"101","author":"Moshaverinia","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3041","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-012-4759-3","article-title":"Alginate hydrogel as a promising scaffold for dental-derived stem cells: An in vitro study","volume":"23","author":"Moshaverinia","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.134062","article-title":"Separable double-layered microneedle-based transdermal codelivery of DOX and LPS for synergistic immunochemotherapy of a subcutaneous glioma tumor","volume":"433","author":"Darge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2022.01.033","article-title":"Intradermal administration of influenza vaccine with trehalose and pullulan-based dissolving microneedle arrays","volume":"111","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.116314","article-title":"Pullulan microneedle patches for the efficient transdermal administration of insulin envisioning diabetes treatment","volume":"241","author":"Fonseca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.184","article-title":"Pullulan-based dissolving microneedle arrays for enhanced transdermal delivery of small and large biomolecules","volume":"146","author":"Vora","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2010.12.023","article-title":"Cellulose-based hydrogels: Present status and application prospects","volume":"84","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Carbohydr. polym."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, J.E., Jun, S.H., Park, S.G., and Kang, N.G. (2020). A semi-dissolving microneedle patch incorporating TEMPO-oxidized bacterial cellulose nanofibers for enhanced transdermal delivery. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12091873"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9881","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-022-04859-1","article-title":"Cellulose nanofiber-reinforced dissolving microneedles for transdermal delivery of a water-soluble compound","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105200","article-title":"Hydrogel-based microneedles of chitosan derivatives for drug delivery","volume":"172","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"React. Funct. Polym."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2023.120593","article-title":"A chitosan\/fucoidan nanoparticle-loaded pullulan microneedle patch for differential drug release to promote wound healing","volume":"306","author":"Younas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Kalia, S., and Sharma, S. (2023). Protein-Based Biopolymers. From Source to Biomedical Applications, Woodhead Publishing. Chapter 13."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Sah, M.K., Kasoju, N., and Mano, J.F. (2022). Natural Polymers in Wound Healing and Repair, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201102012","article-title":"Fabrication of silk microneedles for controlled-release drug delivery","volume":"22","author":"Tsioris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomeh, M.A., Hadianamrei, R., and Zhao, X. (2019). Silk fibroin as a functional biomaterial for drug and gene delivery. Pharmaceutics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11100494"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2012.09.043","article-title":"Silk fibroin biomaterials for tissue regenerations","volume":"65","author":"Kundu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.23097","article-title":"Basic fibroblast growth factor inhibits mineralization but induces neuronal differentiation by human dental pulp stem cells through a FGFR and PLC\u03b3 signaling pathway","volume":"112","author":"Osathanon","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1177\/0885328215577296","article-title":"Dental pulp tissue engineering with bFGF-incorporated silk fibroin scaffolds","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Appl."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.06.029","article-title":"Dissolving polymer microneedle patches for rapid and efficient transdermal delivery of insulin to diabetic rats","volume":"9","author":"Ling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3727\/096368916X693338","article-title":"Effect of gelatin on osteogenic cell sheet formation using canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.26.170","article-title":"Development of new drug delivery system for implant bone augmentation using a basic fibroblast growth factor-gelatin hydrogel complex","volume":"26","author":"Hayashi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jana, B.A., Osmani, R.A., Jaiswal, S., Banerjee, R., Karri, V.V.S.R., and Wadhwani, A. (J. Pharm. Innov., 2022). Fabrication of carboxymethylcellulose-gelatin dissolving microneedle patch for pain-free, efficient, and controlled transdermal delivery of insulin, J. Pharm. Innov., online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12247-022-09670-w"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1021\/bm990017d","article-title":"Structural and rheological properties of methacrylamide modified gelatin hydrogels","volume":"1","author":"Bogdanov","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, M., Sun, X., Wang, Z., Guo, S., Yu, G., and Yang, H. (2018). Synthesis and properties of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels and their recent applications in load-bearing tissue. Polymers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10111290"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"47","article-title":"Biomedical applications of gelatin methacryloyl hydrogels","volume":"2","author":"Piao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eng. Regen."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1801054","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201801054","article-title":"Biodegradable gelatin methacryloyl microneedles for transdermal drug delivery","volume":"8","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01354-4","article-title":"GelMA\/PEGDA microneedles patch loaded with HUVECs-derived exosomes and tazarotene promote diabetic wound healing","volume":"20","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, W.-C., Tai, A.-Z., Tsai, N.-Y., and Li, Y.-C.E. (2021). An injectable hybrid gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)\/phenyl isothiocyanate-modified gelatin (gel-phe) bioadhesive for oral\/dental hemostasis applications. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13142386"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.11.047","article-title":"Influence of the degree of methacrylation on hyaluronic acid hydrogels properties","volume":"29","author":"Bencherif","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345211020652","article-title":"GSK3 inhibitor-induced dentinogenesis using a hydrogel","volume":"101","author":"Alaohali","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209986","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202209986","article-title":"Living microneedle patch with adipose-derived stem cells embedding for diabetic ulcer healing","volume":"33","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.31310","article-title":"Physically crosslinked composite hydrogels of PVA with natural macromolecules: Structure, mechanical properties, and endothelial cell compatibility","volume":"90","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-806X(03)00067-7","article-title":"Synthesis of PVA\/PVP hydrogels having two-layer by radiation and their physical properties","volume":"67","author":"Park","year":"2003","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2009.273","article-title":"First-in-human mutation-targeted siRNA phase Ib trial of an inherited skin disorder","volume":"18","author":"Leachman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2010.126","article-title":"Silencing of reporter gene expression in skin using siRNAs and expression of plasmid DNA delivered by a soluble protrusion array device (PAD)","volume":"18","author":"Speaker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2022.01.027","article-title":"Antibiofilm and immunomodulatory resorbable nanofibrous filing for dental pulp regenerative procedures","volume":"16","author":"Dias","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sugiaman, V.K., Naliani, S., Pranata, N., Djuanda, R., and Saputri, R.I. (2023). Polymeric scaffolds used in dental pulp regeneration by tissue engineering approach. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15051082"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2022.121612","article-title":"Preparation, characterisation and comparison of glabridin-loaded hydrogel-forming microneedles by chemical and physical cross-linking","volume":"617","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.309","article-title":"Preparation of new hydrogels by visible light cross-linking of dextran methacrylate and poly (ethylene glycol)-maleic acid copolymer","volume":"227","author":"Kolahdoozan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8661","DOI":"10.3390\/ma8125484","article-title":"A Photolithographic approach to polymeric microneedles array fabrication","volume":"8","author":"Dardano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105007","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/22\/10\/105007","article-title":"Fabrication of 200 nm period centimeter area hard x-ray absorption gratings by multilayer deposition","volume":"22","author":"Lynch","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3855","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-021-06757-6","article-title":"The latest advances in biomedical applications of chitosan hydrogel as a powerful natural structure with eye-catching biological properties","volume":"57","author":"Noruzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2018.12.089","article-title":"Fabrication of microporous inorganic microneedles by centrifugal casting method for transdermal extraction and delivery","volume":"558","author":"Gholami","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-019-0088-8","article-title":"Simple and customizable method for fabrication of high-aspect ratio microneedle molds using low-cost 3D printing","volume":"5","author":"Krieger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microsyst. Nanoeng."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiang, N., Liu, Z., Lu, M., Yang, Y., Liao, F., Feng, Y., Liu, G., and Qiu, S. (2023). Preparation and properties of polyvinylpyrrolidone\/Sodium Carboxymethyl pellulose poluble microneedles. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16093417"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2015.06.027","article-title":"Rapid implantation of dissolving microneedles on an electrospun pillar array","volume":"64","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.10167","article-title":"Electrospun nanofibrous structure: A novel scaffold for tissue engineering","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"623","article-title":"Biomimetic and bioactive nanofibrous scaffolds from electrospun composite nanofibers","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001922","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202001922","article-title":"3D-printed hydrogel-filled microneedle arrays","volume":"10","author":"Barnum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2020.3003628","article-title":"DLP 3D printed \u201cintelligent\u201d microneedle array (i\u03bcNA) for stimuli responsive release of drugs and its in vitro and ex vivo characterization","volume":"29","author":"Kundu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Microelectromech. Syst."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-021-00604-w","article-title":"Microneedles in diagnostic, treatment and theranostics: An advancement in minimally-invasive delivery system","volume":"24","author":"Amarnani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Microdevices"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.116650","article-title":"Dextran methacrylate hydrogel microneedles loaded with doxorubicin and trametinib for continuous transdermal administration of melanoma","volume":"246","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5781","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.9b00532","article-title":"Smart microneedle fabricated with silk fibroin combined semi-interpenetrating network hydrogel for glucose-responsive insulin delivery","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102327","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202102327","article-title":"Ocular delivery of predatory bacteria with cryomicroneedles against eye infection","volume":"8","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friedel, M., Thompson, I.A.P., Kasting, G., Polsky, R., Cunningham, D., Soh, H.T., and Heikenfeld, J. (Nat. Biomed. Eng., 2023). Opportunities and challenges in the diagnostic utility of dermal interstitial fluid, Nat. Biomed. Eng., online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-022-00998-9"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4583","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1716772115","article-title":"Mechanisms of sampling interstitial fluid from skin using a microneedle patch","volume":"115","author":"Samant","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaar2227","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aar2227","article-title":"Cell and fluid sampling microneedle patches for monitoring skin-resident immunity","volume":"10","author":"Mandal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901683","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201901683","article-title":"Osmosis-powered hydrogel microneedles for microliters of skin interstitial fluid extraction within minutes","volume":"9","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9620","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b04783","article-title":"Hydrogel-coated microneedle arrays for minimally invasive sampling and sensing of specific circulating nucleic acids from skin interstitial fluid","volume":"13","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1089\/15209150050194332","article-title":"Can interstitial glucose assessment replace blood glucose measurements?","volume":"2","author":"Rebrin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901201","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201901201","article-title":"A hydrogel microneedle patch for point-of-care testing based on skin interstitial fluid","volume":"9","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6163","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA10374K","article-title":"Silk\/polyols\/GOD microneedle based electrochemical biosensor for continuous glucose monitoring","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TB02099K","article-title":"Functional silk fibroin hydrogels: Preparation, properties and applications","volume":"9","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1704286","article-title":"Circulating extracellular vesicles in human disease","volume":"379","author":"Shah","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38448","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b12244","article-title":"In situ sampling and monitoring cell-free DNA of the Epstein\u2013Barr virus from dermal interstitial fluid using wearable microneedle patches","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b08152","article-title":"Core-shell microneedle gel for self-regulated insulin delivery","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, C.H., Shyu, V.B., and Chen, C.T. (2018). Dissolving microneedle patches for transdermal insulin delivery in diabetic mice: Potential for clinical applications. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11091625"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43588","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b15668","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid-based dissolving microneedle patch loaded with methotrexate for improved treatment of psoriasis","volume":"11","author":"Du","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-020-00518-z","article-title":"The use of micro-needle arrays to deliver cells for cellular therapies","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Microdevices"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alafnan, A., Seetharam, A.A., Hussain, T., Gupta, M.S., Rizvi, S.M.D., Moin, A., Alamri, A., Unnisa, A., Awadelkareem, A.M., and Elkhalifa, A.O. (2022). Development and characterization of PEGDA microneedles for localized drug delivery of gemcitabine to treat inflammatory breast cancer. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15217693"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6195","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.0c01043","article-title":"Drug delivery of anticancer drugs from injectable 3D porous silk scaffold for prevention of gastric cancer growth and recurrence","volume":"6","author":"Gangrade","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.01.063","article-title":"Biomaterial-based regional chemotherapy: Local anticancer drug delivery to enhance chemotherapy and minimize its side-effects","volume":"62","author":"Krukiewicz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041502","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0125692","article-title":"Biomaterials for enhanced immunotherapy","volume":"6","author":"Cunningham","year":"2022","journal-title":"APL Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J., Choi, Y., Kim, D.-H., Yoon, H.Y., and Kim, K. (2022). Injectable Hydrogel-based combination cancer immunotherapy for overcoming localized therapeutic efficacy. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14091908"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2021.10.021","article-title":"Macroencapsulation devices for cell therapy","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-018-0016-9","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis: Pathological mechanisms and modern pharmacologic therapies","volume":"6","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Zhang, W., Li, C., Zhang, J., Qin, L., and Lai, Y. (2022). Recent advances of microneedles and their application in disease treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052401"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00954","article-title":"Novel DEK-targeting aptamer delivered by a hydrogel microneedle attenuates collagen-induced arthritis","volume":"18","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Pharma."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"872","article-title":"Psoriatic arthritis: Clinical response and side effects to methotrexate therapy","volume":"19","author":"Espinoza","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4346","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c08979","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species-responsive gel-based microneedle patches for prolonged and intelligent psoriasis management","volume":"17","author":"Bi","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3041","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1214449110","article-title":"Langerin negative dendritic cells promote potent CD8+ T-cell priming by skin delivery of live adenovirus vaccine microneedle arrays","volume":"110","author":"Bachy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15923","article-title":"Minimally invasive and targeted therapeutic cell delivery to the skin using microneedle devices","volume":"178","author":"Gualeni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2023.05.165","article-title":"Development of probiotic loaded multilayer microcapsules incorporated into dissolving microneedles for potential improvement treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis: A proof of concept study","volume":"648","author":"Enggi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051X.1999.260807.x","article-title":"Granulocyte elastase activity and PGE2 levels in gingival crevicular fluid in relation to the presence of subgingival periodontopathogens in subjects with untreated adult periodontitis","volume":"26","author":"Jin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"171","article-title":"Absence and presence of fluid from normal and inflamed gingivae","volume":"3","author":"Loe","year":"1965","journal-title":"Periodontics"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1097\/JCMA.0000000000000616","article-title":"Recent progress of biomarkers in oral cancers","volume":"84","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-015-9944-y","article-title":"Drug coated microneedles for minimally-invasive treatment of oral carcinomas: Development and in vitro evaluation","volume":"17","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Microdevices"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s12039-023-02149-2","article-title":"Dissolvable layered microneedle patch containing 5-fluorouracil for localized treatment of oral carcinoma","volume":"135","author":"Matta","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2023.122991","article-title":"Buccal mucosal application of dissolvable microneedle patch containing photosensitizer provides effective localized delivery and phototherapy against oral carcinoma","volume":"640","author":"Manimaran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.02.014","article-title":"Mucosal vaccine delivery: Current state and a pediatric perspective","volume":"240","author":"Shakya","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0b013e32834bb805","article-title":"Immunoglobulin A: A bridge between innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"27","author":"Macpherson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411910020010301","article-title":"The permeability of oral mucosa","volume":"2","author":"Squier","year":"1991","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-014-1335-1","article-title":"Vaccine delivery to the oral cavity using coated microneedles induces systemic and mucosal immunity","volume":"31","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.03.081","article-title":"Multifunctional liposomes constituting microneedles induced robust systemic and mucosal immunoresponses against the loaded antigens via oral mucosal vaccination","volume":"33","author":"Zhen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.2010.01256.x","article-title":"The extent and nature of dental fear and phobia in Australia","volume":"55","author":"Armfield","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2021.103617","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial of a microneedle patch with a topical anaesthetic for relieving the pain of dental injections","volume":"107","author":"Daly","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105686","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202105686","article-title":"Targeted delivery of anesthetic agents to bone tissues using conductive microneedles enhanced iontophoresis for painless dental anesthesia","volume":"31","author":"Seeni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_136","unstructured":"Baron, S. (2023, April 03). Microbiology of dental decay and periodontal disease, Medical Microbiology, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK8259\/."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-124X.118316","article-title":"Association of salivary calcium, phosphate, pH and flow rate on oral health: A study on 90 subjects","volume":"17","author":"Fiyaz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsuda, Y., Altankhishig, B., Okuyama, K., Yamamoto, H., Naito, K., Hayashi, M., Sano, H., Sidhu, S.K., and Saito, T. (2022). Inhibition of demineralization of dentin by fluoride-containing hydrogel desensitizers: An in vitro study. J. Funct. Biomater., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb13040246"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572012000500001","article-title":"Saliva and dental erosion","volume":"20","author":"Buzalaf","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nizami, M.Z.I., Xu, V.W., Yin, I.X., Yu, O.Y., and Chu, C.H. (2021). Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles in caries prevention: A review. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11123446"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034509338671","article-title":"Efficacy of silver diamine fluoride for arresting caries treatment","volume":"88","author":"Yee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_142","unstructured":"Goodson, J.M. (2019). Medical Applications of Controlled Release, CRC Press. Available online: https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/chapters\/edit\/10.1201\/9780429276620-6\/dental-applications-max-goodson?context=ubx&refId=9fcd4731-f1d9-42ad-99c2-cfce7132f576."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7254.162","article-title":"ABC of oral health. Mouth ulcers and other causes of orofacial soreness and pain","volume":"321","author":"Scully","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2022.113100","article-title":"Betamethasone-loaded dissolvable microneedle patch for oral ulcer treatment","volume":"222","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s42242-022-00221-3","article-title":"Multidrug dissolvable microneedle patch for the treatment of recurrent oral ulcer","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bio-Des. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lasserre, J.F., Brecx, M.C., and Toma, S. (2018). Oral microbes, biofilms and their role in periodontal and peri-implant diseases. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11101802"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2021.11.017","article-title":"Immunomodulatory microneedle patch for periodontal tissue regeneration","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Matter"},{"key":"ref_148","first-page":"185","article-title":"Functionally tailored electro-sensitive poly(acrylamide)-g-pectin copolymer hydrogel for transdermal drug delivery application: Synthesis, characterization, in-vitro and ex-vivo evaluation","volume":"10","author":"Patil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Lett."},{"key":"ref_149","first-page":"2","article-title":"Skin cell proliferation stimulated by microneedles","volume":"4","author":"Liebl","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Clin. Wound Spec."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.5661","article-title":"Applications of hydrogel-based delivery systems in wound care and treatment: An up-to-date review","volume":"33","author":"Divyashri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polym. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_151","first-page":"473","article-title":"The physiology of wound healing","volume":"35","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdr.ijdr_512_21","article-title":"Green tea catechins showed antibacterial activity on Streptococcus mutans\u2014An in vitro study","volume":"32","author":"Hattarki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c17424","article-title":"Acceleration of oral wound healing under diabetes mellitus conditions using bioadhesive hydrogel","volume":"15","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2014.06.021","article-title":"Wound healing potential of antibacterial microneedles loaded with green tea extracts","volume":"42","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e116","DOI":"10.15190\/d.2020.13","article-title":"Microneedles and nanopatches-based delivery devices in dentistry","volume":"8","author":"Batra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Discoveries"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S153167","article-title":"Nanosilver: New ageless and versatile biomedical therapeutic scaffold","volume":"13","author":"Saleh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CC06035E","article-title":"Self-sterilizing antibacterial silver-loaded microneedles","volume":"55","author":"MacGregor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14640","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b02578","article-title":"Microneedle patch-mediated treatment of bacterial biofilms","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2023.213467","article-title":"Antimicrobial releasing hydrogel forming microneedles","volume":"151","author":"Turner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomater. Adv."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/13\/4805\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:05:33Z","timestamp":1760126733000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/13\/4805"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]]},"references-count":159,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ma16134805"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma16134805","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]]}}}