{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T01:05:53Z","timestamp":1789520753750,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,4]],"date-time":"2023-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688428800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Association for Dental Infection Control (ADIC)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aim: To evaluate the effects of two air-polishing powders, during orthodontic treatment, on the surface roughness of sound and demineralised enamel. Materials and methods: Forty-two caries-free human molars were collected, and the enamel surfaces were flattened and polished. Teeth were assigned to two groups (n = 21 each), a sound- and a demineralised-enamel group (subjected to pH-cycling over 2 weeks to create artificially induced white spot-like lesions). Within each group, teeth were further assigned to three groups (n = 7 each), air polished with either sodium bicarbonate, erythritol, or a negative control (water). Each sample was treated for 5 and 150 s. The average surface roughness (Ra) for each sample was measured using white-light-sensor profilometry. Results: On sound enamel, the Ra was roughly 0.17 \u00b1 0.07 \u03bcm. After 150 s of air polishing, the Ra increased with erythritol (by 0.28 \u03bcm), and even more so with bicarbonate treatment (by 0.68 \u03bcm) (p &lt; 0.01). On demineralised enamel, the Ra was roughly 0.79 \u00b1 0.56 \u03bcm. The Ra increased after 5 s of air-polishing treatment similarly with erythritol and bicarbonate powders (by 1.03 \u03bcm and 1.04 \u03bcm, respectively) (p = 0.025), and even more after 150 s (by 2.48 \u03bcm and 2.49 \u03bcm, respectively) (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: On white spot lesions, one should be aware that enamel surface roughness will increase with both erythritol and bicarbonate air-polishing powders, especially with longer exposure times.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16134811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T00:37:28Z","timestamp":1688517448000},"page":"4811","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["An In Vitro Evaluation of the Effects of Air-Polishing Powders on Sound and Demineralised Enamel"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3941-7869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elton","family":"Guma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthodontics, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stavros","family":"Kiliaridis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthodontics, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne S.","family":"Scherrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Fixed Prosthetics and Biomaterials, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6741-6922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory S.","family":"Antonarakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthodontics, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275.e17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2005.10.022","article-title":"Changes in the subgingival microbiota and periodontal parameters before and 3 months after bracket placement","volume":"130","author":"Naranjo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. 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