{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T07:19:20Z","timestamp":1781162360781,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Research Foundation\u2014Flanders (FWO)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G056519N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G056519N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Research Foundation\u2014Flanders (FWO)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12ZO420N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12ZO420N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Research Foundation\u2014Flanders (FWO)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BOF15\/BAS\/062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BOF15\/BAS\/062"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UGent Special Research Funds (BOF)","award":["G056519N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G056519N"]}]},{"name":"UGent Special Research Funds (BOF)","award":["12ZO420N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12ZO420N"]}]},{"name":"UGent Special Research Funds (BOF)","award":["BOF15\/BAS\/062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BOF15\/BAS\/062"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hydrogen can degrade the mechanical properties of steel components, which is commonly referred to as \u201chydrogen embrittlement\u201d (HE). Quantifying the effect of HE on the structural integrity of components and structures remains challenging. The authors investigated an X70 pipeline steel through uncharged and hydrogen-charged (notched) tensile tests. This paper presents a combination of experimental results and numerical simulations using a micro-mechanics-inspired damage model. Four specimen geometries and three hydrogen concentrations (including uncharged) were targeted, which allowed for the construction of a fracture locus that depended on the stress triaxiality and hydrogen concentration. The multi-physical finite element model includes hydrogen diffusion and damage on the basis of the complete Gurson model. Hydrogen-Assisted degradation was implemented through an acceleration of the void nucleation process, as supported by experimental observations. The damage parameters were determined through inverse analysis, and the numerical results were in good agreement with the experimental data. The presented model couples micro-mechanical with macro-mechanical results and makes it possible to evaluate the damage evolution during hydrogen-charged mechanical tests. In particular, the well-known ductility loss due to hydrogen was captured well in the form of embrittlement indices for the different geometries and hydrogen concentrations. The limitations of the damage model regarding the stress state are discussed in this paper.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16134839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]],"date-time":"2023-07-06T00:41:27Z","timestamp":1688604087000},"page":"4839","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Modeling of Hydrogen-Charged Notched Tensile Tests of an X70 Pipeline Steel with a Hydrogen-Informed Gurson Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0733-1008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robin","family":"Depraetere","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electromechanical, Systems and Metal Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 46, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7196-3328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wim","family":"De Waele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electromechanical, Systems and Metal Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 46, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8127-5844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margo","family":"Cauwels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 46, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8856-1122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom","family":"Depover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 46, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5190-016X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kim","family":"Verbeken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 46, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5352-1924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stijn","family":"Hertel\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electromechanical, Systems and Metal Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 46, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"European Commission (2023, February 03). 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