{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T06:16:45Z","timestamp":1767853005639,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,15]],"date-time":"2023-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"LiaoNing Revitalization Talents Program","award":["XLYC1802065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XLYC1802065"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The 2195 Al\u2013Li alloy, as one of the representative third-generation Al\u2013Li alloys, has extensive applications in lightweight aerospace structures. In this paper, the anisotropy in mechanical properties and microstructure evolution of 2195 Al\u2013Li alloy sheets were investigated under a strain rate of 0.01, 0.1, 1 s\u22121 and a temperature of 440 and 500 \u00b0C. Experimental results showed that the hot tensile properties of the 2195 Al\u2013Li alloy sheet exhibited a strong dependence on loading directions. The peak stress (PS) and elongation (EL) along the rolling direction (RD) were larger than the transverse direction (TD). For the tests carried out at 440 \u00b0C-1 s\u22121, the PS values of the sheets stretched along the RD and TD are 142.9 MPa and 110.2 MPa, respectively. And, most of the PS anisotropy values are larger than 15%. The anisotropy in EL is less significant than in PS. All the differences are about 10%. Moreover, dimples in the samples stretched along RD were more and deeper than those along TD at 440 \u00b0C. The fracture morphology along RD and TD were similar, and both were cleavage fractures at 500 \u00b0C. Particularly, the fractions of high angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) along TD were all about 5% larger than those of RD. And, there were more small-sized continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) grains inside the initial grains and discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) grains featured with the local bulge of grain boundaries along TD. This was due to the smaller average Schmid factor and the vertical EL trend of the initial grains when the samples were stretched along TD. A model of grain evolution during the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) along RD and TD was proposed based on EBSD results. The Schmid factor and banded structure had a more prominent effect on the hot ductility of the 2195 Al\u2013Li alloy compared with the degree of DRX, thus presenting a higher EL and better hot ductility along RD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16145012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T00:56:47Z","timestamp":1689555407000},"page":"5012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effect of Initial Orientation on the Anisotropy in Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 2195 Al\u2013Li Alloy Sheet during Hot Tensile Deformation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jian","family":"Ning","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Precision Manufacturing, School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiangkai","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Precision Manufacturing, School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Precision Manufacturing, School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianggang","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Precision Manufacturing, School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhubin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Precision Manufacturing, School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Prasad, N.E., Gokhale, A.A., and Wanhill, R.J.H. (2014). Aerospace Applications of Aluminum-Lithium Alloys, in Aluminum-Lithium Alloys, Butterworth-Heinemann. [15th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"29","article-title":"Aluminum Alloys for Aerospace Applications","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Prasad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aerospace Materials and Material Technologies"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2013.12.002","article-title":"Recent developments in advanced aircraft aluminium alloys","volume":"45","author":"Dursun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ast.2018.08.030","article-title":"Microstructural characterization and mechanical performance of Al-Cu-Li alloy electron beam welded joint","volume":"82\u201383","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aerosp. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3325","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-012-1155-z","article-title":"The evolution of Al-Li base products for aerospace and space applications","volume":"43","author":"Rioja","year":"2012","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. A"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/MSF.331-337.1333","article-title":"The effect of quench rate on the microstructure and properties of AF\/C-458 and AF\/C-489 Al-Li-Cu-X alloys","volume":"331","author":"Csontos","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Forum."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010453702596","article-title":"Aluminum Alloys in Aircraft in the Periods of 1970\u20132000 and 2001\u20132015","volume":"43","author":"Fridlyander","year":"2001","journal-title":"Met. Sci. Heat Treat."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2022.142863","article-title":"Improvement in tensile properties of 2219-T8 aluminum alloy TIG welding joint by PMZ local properties and stress distribution","volume":"839","author":"Wan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"129","article-title":"Dependence of mechanical properties and microstructures of 2195 Al-Li alloy on cold and hot deformation process","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rare Met."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Lin, J., Dean, T., and Garrett, R. (2008). A Process in Forming High Strength and Complex-Shaped Al-Alloy Sheet Components. (WO2008059242), UK Patent."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2016.01.001","article-title":"Microstructure, texture and hardness of Al-Cu-Li alloy sheet during hot gas forming with integrated heat treatment","volume":"94","author":"Fan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/MSF.217-222.647","article-title":"The anisotropy and texture of Al-Li alloys","volume":"217\u2013222","author":"Jata","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Forum"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/0956-7151(93)90028-Q","article-title":"Effect of T1 precipitate on the anisotropy of Al-Li alloy 2090","volume":"41","author":"Kim","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Metall. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6462(98)00481-3","article-title":"Effects of grain shape and texture on the yield strength anisotropy of A-l Li alloy sheet","volume":"40","author":"Cho","year":"1996","journal-title":"Scr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, D., Gao, C., Luo, H.Y., Yang, Y.H., and Ma, Y. (2018). Texture evolution behavior and anisotropy of 2A97 Al-Li alloy during recrystallization at elevated temperature. Rare Met., 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12598-018-0997-y"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.10.730","article-title":"Experimental investigation of tensile properties and anisotropy of 1420, 8090 and 2060 Al-Li alloys sheet undergoing different strain rates and fibre orientation: A comparative study","volume":"207","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2019.138572","article-title":"Anisotropic yielding stress of 2198 Al\u2013Li alloy sheet and mechanisms","volume":"771","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2021.141406","article-title":"Effect of extrusion parameters on microstructure, texture and mechanical property anisotropy of spray deposited 2195 Al\u2013Li alloy profile","volume":"818","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2022.08.046","article-title":"Anisotropy in creep-aging behavior of Al\u2013Li alloy under different stress levels: Experimental and constitutive modeling","volume":"20","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2021.110176","article-title":"Hot tensile deformation behavior and microstructural evolution of 2195 Al\u2013Li alloy","volume":"188","author":"Ning","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2020.156515","article-title":"The mechanical response and microstructural evolution of 2195 Al-Li alloy during hot tensile deformation","volume":"848","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alloy. Compd."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2022.08.055","article-title":"Hot deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of the spray deposited and secondary hot extruded 2195 Al-Li alloy","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2020.158102","article-title":"Effects of heat treatment on the microstructure, texture and mechanical property anisotropy of extruded 2196 Al-Cu-Li alloy","volume":"862","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alloy. Compd."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2021.142135","article-title":"Influence of microstructural and crystallographic inhomogeneity on tensile anisotropy in thick-section Al-Li-Cu-Mg plates","volume":"829","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2020.140047","article-title":"Texture control to reduce yield strength anisotropy in the third generation aluminum-copper-lithium alloy: Experiments and modeling","volume":"799","author":"Mishra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2022.168414","article-title":"Investigation of anisotropy and structure variation of spray-formed 2195 Al-Li alloy via final temperature-controlled rolling and cold rolling","volume":"937","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alloy. Compd."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-018-2820-4","article-title":"Microstructure and corrosion characterization of the nugget region in dissimilar friction-stir-welded AA5083 and AA1050","volume":"54","author":"Naseri","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scriptamat.2011.11.034","article-title":"Orientation dependence of the deformation microstructure in compressed aluminum","volume":"66","author":"Le","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6454(97)00365-0","article-title":"Microstructure and flow stress of polycrystals and singlecrystals","volume":"46","author":"Hansen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2017.06.002","article-title":"Effects of original orientation combination on substructure characteristics during continuous dynamic recrystallization in an extruded Al-Cu-Li alloy","volume":"130","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Wu, Y.Q. (2003). Mesoscopic Mechanical Behavior of Polycrystalline Materials Subject to Large Deformation at Elevated Temperatures. [Ph.D. Thesis, Northwestern Polytechnical University]."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2019.116348","article-title":"Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of 2196 Al-Li alloy in hot extrusion process","volume":"275","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/14\/5012\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:12:35Z","timestamp":1760127155000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/14\/5012"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,15]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ma16145012"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma16145012","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,15]]}}}