{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T04:48:49Z","timestamp":1793249329797,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":190,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31900951"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31900951"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1909219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1909219"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31900951"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31900951"]}]},{"name":"Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U1909219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1909219"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The extracellular matrix (ECM) of natural cells typically exhibits dynamic mechanical properties (viscoelasticity and dynamic stiffness). The viscoelasticity and dynamic stiffness of the ECM play a crucial role in biological processes, such as tissue growth, development, physiology, and disease. Hydrogels with viscoelasticity and dynamic stiffness have recently been used to investigate the regulation of cell behavior and fate. This article first emphasizes the importance of tissue viscoelasticity and dynamic stiffness and provides an overview of characterization techniques at both macro- and microscale. Then, the viscoelastic hydrogels (crosslinked via ion bonding, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and supramolecular interactions) and dynamic stiffness hydrogels (softening, stiffening, and reversible stiffness) with different crosslinking strategies are summarized, along with the significant impact of viscoelasticity and dynamic stiffness on cell spreading, proliferation, migration, and differentiation in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures. Finally, the emerging trends in the development of dynamic mechanical hydrogels are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16145161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T01:15:45Z","timestamp":1690161345000},"page":"5161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Dynamic Hydrogels with Viscoelasticity and Tunable Stiffness for the Regulation of Cell Behavior and Fate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yuhang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"},{"name":"National Center for International Joint Research of Micro-Nano Moulding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuofan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"},{"name":"National Center for International Joint Research of Micro-Nano Moulding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingqing","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"},{"name":"National Center for International Joint Research of Micro-Nano Moulding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5953-7713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaohui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8143-1122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaomeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"},{"name":"National Center for International Joint Research of Micro-Nano Moulding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"105","article-title":"Synthetic Extracellular Microenvironment for Modulating Stem Cell Behaviors","volume":"10","author":"Chandra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomark. 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