{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T04:14:43Z","timestamp":1791346483841,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]],"date-time":"2023-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Studies were carried out to find a relation between the important physical property, i.e., water absorption and the main mechanical parameter, i.e., compressive strength (fcm), of concretes containing coal fly ash (CFA) in the amounts of 0% (CFA-00), 20% (CFA-20%), and 30% (CFA-30). The methodology of the water absorption tests reflected the conditions prevailing in the case of reinforced concrete structures operating below the water table. The microstructure of all materials was also assessed. Based on the conducted studies, it was found that both the fcm of concretes with the addition of CFA and its water absorption depended on the percentage of waste used, whereas both analyzed parameters were closely related to the structure of the cement matrix and interfacial transition zone area between the coarse aggregates and the paste. It should be stated that at the content of 20% CFA in the binder composition, an increase in the fcm of the material is observed, with a simultaneous increase in its water absorption. On the other hand, the addition of 30% CFA results in a significant decrease in both the strength of the composite and its water absorption. Thus, it was found that in the case of concretes with the addition of CFA, the strength of the material is directly proportional to the level of its water absorption. Moreover, the concrete including 30% CFA may increase the durability of reinforced concrete structures subjected to immersion conditions. From an application point of view, the obtained research results may be helpful in understanding the impact of the CFA additive on the level of water absorption in cement concretes with this waste.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16155218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T01:09:01Z","timestamp":1690333741000},"page":"5218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["The Effect of the Addition of Coal Fly Ash (CFA) on the Control of Water Movement within the Structure of the Concrete"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9325-666X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz Ludwik","family":"Golewski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 40 Str, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, W., Ye, X., Li, R., and Yang, J. (2022). Effect of Stray Current on Corrosion and Calcium Ion Corrosion of Concrete Reinforcement. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15207287"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2022.106568","article-title":"Evaluation of Precast Beam Deflections Resulting in Cracks in Curtain Walls","volume":"140","author":"Wardach","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golewski, G.L. (2022). The Specificity of Shaping and Execution of Monolithic Pocket Foundations (PF) in Hall Buildings. Buildings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12020192"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2023.105975","article-title":"A review on Fracture Properties of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete","volume":"67","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857093080.537","article-title":"Fracture Toughness at Shear (Mode II) of Concretes Made of Natural and Broken Aggregates","volume":"8","author":"Golewski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brittle Matrix Compos."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Z., Yue, Q., and Chen, Z. (2023). A Beam Test Study on the Bond Performance Between Epoxy-Coated Reinforcement and Geopolymer Concrete. Buildings, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13020430"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, F., Zou, Y., Wang, B., and Yuan, X. (2022). The Effect of Stray Current on Calcium Leaching of Cement-Based Materials. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15062279"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.3934\/matersci.2023021","article-title":"Mechanical Properties and Brittleness of Concrete Made by Combined Fly Ash, Silica Fume and Nanosilica with ordinary Portland cement","volume":"10","author":"Golewski","year":"2023","journal-title":"AIMS Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"e01688","article-title":"Innovative Use of Fly Ash-Finely Powdered Glass Cullet as a Nano Additives for a Sustainable Concrete: Strength and Microstructure and Cost Analysis","volume":"17","author":"Amran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00030","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/20184900030","article-title":"Potential of Siliceous Fly Ash and Silica Fume as a Substitute of Binder in Cementitious Concrete","volume":"49","author":"Gil","year":"2018","journal-title":"E3S Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s41062-022-01016-2","article-title":"Optimization of Lightweight Foamed Concrete Using Fly Ash Based on Mechanical Properties","volume":"8","author":"Hashemmoniri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Innov. Infrastruct. Solut."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2010.12.056","article-title":"Effect of Recycled PET in the Fracture Mechanics of Polymer Mortar","volume":"25","author":"Reis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golewski, G.L. (2022). Fracture Performance of Cementitious Composites Based on Quaternary Blended Cements. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15176023"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2023.105905","article-title":"Synergistic Effects of Nano-Silica and Fly Ash on the Mechanical Properties and Durability of Internal-Cured Concrete Incorporating Artificial Shale Ceramsite","volume":"66","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.12989\/sem.2017.62.1.001","article-title":"Determination of Fracture Toughness in Concretes Containing Siliceous Fly Ash During Mode III Loading","volume":"62","author":"Golewski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Struct. Eng. Mech."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.130334","article-title":"Influence of the Use of Corn Straw Fibers to Connect the Interfacial Transition Zone with the Mechanical Properties of Cemented Coal Gangue Backfill","volume":"367","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tafmec.2021.103071","article-title":"Fracture Properties of Slag-Based Alkali-Activated Seawater Coral Aggregate","volume":"115","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/SSP.254.188","article-title":"Macroscopic Evaluation of Fracture Processes in Fly Ash Concrete","volume":"254","author":"Golewski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Solid State Phenom."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-022-01544-4","article-title":"Green Construction for Low-Carbon Cities: A Review","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Env. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"779","article-title":"Thermomechanical Interactions in Transversely Isotropic Magneto Thermoelastic Solid with Two Temperatures and without Energy Dissipation","volume":"32","author":"Lata","year":"2019","journal-title":"Steel Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tafmec.2022.103553","article-title":"Comparative Measurements of Fracture Toughness Combined with Visual Analysis of Cracks Propagation Using the DIC Technique of Concretes Based on Cement Matrix with a Highly Diversified Composition","volume":"121","author":"Golewski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633366X20917988","DOI":"10.1177\/2633366X20917988","article-title":"Effect of Production Temperature on Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Polystyrene-Fly Ash Composites","volume":"29","author":"Bicer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Compos. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"163107014","article-title":"Macro-Meso Fatigue Failure of Bimrocks with Various Block Content Subjected to Multistage Fatigue Triaxial Loads","volume":"281","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.commatsci.2008.05.023","article-title":"Mathematical Modelling of the Interface Crack Propagation in a Pre-Stressed Fiber Reinforced Elastic Composite","volume":"45","author":"Peride","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comp. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"106","article-title":"Studies of natural radioactivity of concrete with siliceous fly ash addition","volume":"2","author":"Golewski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cem. Wapno Beton"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.28991\/CEJ-2022-08-04-05","article-title":"Durability and Microstructure Characteristics of Concrete with Supplementary Cementitious Materials","volume":"8","year":"2022","journal-title":"Civ. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.01.031","article-title":"On the Special Construction and Materials Conditions Reducing the Negative Impact of Vibrations on Concrete Structures","volume":"45","author":"Golewski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2022.104215","article-title":"Effect of Supplementary Cementitious Materials on Properties of 3D Printed Conventional and Alkali-Activated Concrete: A Review","volume":"138","author":"Nodehi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.commatsci.2007.07.028","article-title":"Antiplane Interface Crack in a Pre-Stressed Fiber-Reinforced Elastic Composite","volume":"43","author":"Craciun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comp. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2022.106830","article-title":"Energy Evolution and Failure Characteristics of Red Sandstone under Discontinuous Multilevel Fatigue Loading","volume":"160","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golewski, G.L. (2021). Green Concrete Based on Quaternary Binders with Significant Reduced of CO2 Emissions. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14154558"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/SSP.254.120","article-title":"A Study on Mode III Fracture Toughness in Young and Mature Concrete with Fly Ash Additive","volume":"254","author":"Golewski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Solid State Phenom."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.127889","article-title":"Critical Review and Gap Analysis on the use of High-Volume Fly Ash as a Substitute Constituent in Concrete","volume":"341","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.131815","article-title":"Evaluating the Mechanical Strength Prediction Performances of Fly Ash Based MPC Mortar with Artificial Intelligence Approaches","volume":"355","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2022.104017","article-title":"Influence Behavior of Phosphorus Slag and Fly Ash on the Interface Transition Zone in Concrete Prepared by Cement-Red Mud","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-14392014005000054","article-title":"Comparative Study of the Characteristics of Nanosilica\u2013, Silica fume\u2013 and Fly Ash\u2013Incorporated Cement Mortars","volume":"17","author":"Biricik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Mansour, A., Chow, C.L., Feo, L., Penna, R., and Lau, D. (2019). Green Concrete: By-Products Utilization and Advanced Approaches. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11195145"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012029","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/416\/1\/012029","article-title":"An Analysis of Fracture Toughness in Concrete with Fly Ash Addition, Considering All Models of Cracking","volume":"416","author":"Golewski","year":"2018","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012105","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/416\/1\/012105","article-title":"Effect of Nano Admixture of CSH on Selected Strength Parameters of Concrete Including Fly Ash","volume":"416","author":"Szostak","year":"2018","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247065","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/247065","article-title":"Development of a Zero-Cement Binder Using Slag, Fly Ash, and Rice Husk Ash with Chemical Activator","volume":"2015","author":"Karim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169715","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2023.1169715","article-title":"Editorial: Fabrication and Properties of Concrete Containing Industrial Waste","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Mater."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"543","article-title":"Strength and Microstructure of Composites with Cement Matrixes Modified by Fly Ash and Active Seeds of C-S-H Phase","volume":"82","author":"Golewski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Struct. Eng. Mech."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"e01659","article-title":"Erosion behavior of Ions in Lining Concrete Incorporating Fly Ash and Silica Fume under the Combined Action of Load and Flowing Groundwater Containing Composite Salt","volume":"17","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, C.-H., Huang, C.-H., Kan, Y.-C., and Yen, T. (2019). Effect of Fineness and Dosage of Fly aAh on the Fracture Properties and Strength of Concrete. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9112266"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"e01342","article-title":"Pozzolanic Characterization of Waste Newspaper Ash as a Supplementary Cementing Material of Concrete Cylinders","volume":"17","author":"Wong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.128823","article-title":"An Extensive Investigations on Fracture Parameters of Concretes Based on Quaternary Binders (QBC) by Means of the DIC Technique","volume":"351","author":"Golewski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2022.104624","article-title":"Imrove the Long-Term Property of Heat-Cured Mortars Blended with Fly Ash by Internal Curing","volume":"54","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.3151\/jact.20.624","article-title":"Influence of TiO2 and Fly Ash on Fracture Parameters of Concrete Notched Beams","volume":"20","author":"Pathak","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Adv. Concr. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/SSP.188.158","article-title":"Experimental Investigation and Numerical Modelling Fracture Processes in Fly Ash Concrete at Early Age","volume":"188","author":"Golewski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Solid State Phenom."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"431","article-title":"Study of Strength and Microstructure of a New Sustainable Concrete Incorporating Pozzolanic Materials","volume":"86","author":"Golewski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Struct. Eng. Mech."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.125653","article-title":"Efficient Mitigation of High-Speed Train Vibrations on Adjacent Reinforced Concrete Buildings","volume":"314","author":"Lyratzakis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golewski, G.L. (2023). The Phenomenon of Cracking in Cement Concretes and Reinforced Concrete Structures: The Mechanism of Cracks Formation, Causes of Their Initiation, Types and Places of Occurrence, and Methods of Detection\u2014A Review. Buildings, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13030765"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s40069-021-00467-8","article-title":"Study on Reduction Effect of Vibration Propagation Due to Internal Explosion Using Composite Materials","volume":"15","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Concr. Struct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.05.062","article-title":"The Performance of High-Strength Flowable Concrete Made with Binary, Ternary, or Quaternary Binder in Hot Climate","volume":"47","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golewski, G.L. (2023). Combined Effect of Coal Fly Ash (CFA) and Nanosilica (Ns) on the Strength Parameters and Microstructural Properties of Eco-Friendly Concrete. Energies, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/en16010452"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, H., Zou, H., Li, X., Ali Memon, S., Yuan, B., Xing, F., Zhang, X., and Ren, J. (2022). Combined Effects of Sulfate and Chloride Attack on Steel Reinforced Mortar under Drying\u2013Immersion Cycles. Buildings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12081252"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"e01218","article-title":"Degradation of Concrete in Marine Environment under Coupled Chloride and Sulfate Attack: A Numerical and Experimental Study","volume":"17","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s11709-017-0421-y","article-title":"Damage on Lining Concrete in Highway Tunnels under Combined Sulfate and Chloride Attack","volume":"12","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Struct. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Czarnecki, L., Gery\u0142o, R., and Kuczy\u0144ski, K. (2020). Concrete Repair Durability. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13204535"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kewalramani, M., and Khartabil, A. (2021). Porosity Evaluation of Concrete Containing Supplementary Cementitious Materials for Durability Assessment Through Volume of Permeable Voids and Water Immersion Conditions. Buildings, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings11090378"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"27","article-title":"Durability\u2014Critical Issues for the Future","volume":"19","author":"Mehta","year":"1997","journal-title":"Concr. Int."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2018.10.159","article-title":"Microstructural and Rate of Water Absorption Study on Fly-Ash Incorporated Cement Mortar","volume":"5","author":"Aparna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"245","article-title":"Basic Properties of Concrete and its Durability","volume":"5","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cem. Wapno Beton"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clema.2022.100084","article-title":"Odhiambo Oyawa, W.; Nyiro Mwero, J. Durability and Water Absorption Behaviour of Rubberised Concrete Incorporating Burnt Clay Brick Powder","volume":"4","author":"Sinkhonde","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clean Mater."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raghav, M., Karthick, S., Park, T., and Lee, H.-S. (2021). Assessment of Corrosion Performance of Steel Rebar in Snail Shell Ash Blended Cements under Marine Environments. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14237286"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02483288","article-title":"Evaluation of Water Absorption of Concrete as a Measure for Resistnace Against Carbonation and Chloride Migration","volume":"37","author":"Audenaert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"131","article-title":"Effect of Cement Paste Content and w\/c Ratio on Concrete Water Absorption","volume":"3","author":"Tracz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cem. Wapno Beton"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"57","article-title":"Absorption Characteristics of Cement Combination Concrete Containing Portland Cement, Fly Ash, and Metakaolin","volume":"18","author":"Folagbade","year":"2016","journal-title":"Civ. Eng. Dimens."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"359","article-title":"Methods of Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Concrete Air Entrainment","volume":"6","author":"Glinicki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cem. Wapno Beton"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"308","article-title":"Concrete Absorbality\u2014Requirements and Measuring Methods","volume":"6","author":"Golda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cem. Wapno Beton"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1680\/macr.1992.44.158.31","article-title":"Absorption of Water and Chloride into Concrete","volume":"44","author":"McCarter","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mag. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Willson, M.L., and Tennis, P. (2021). Design and Control of Concreto Mixtures, PCA. [17th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2003.10.001","article-title":"Near Surface Characteristics of Concrete Containing Supplementary Cementing Materials","volume":"26","author":"Razak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012097","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/1001\/1\/012097","article-title":"Hydrotechnical structures","volume":"1001","author":"Abdrazakov","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"1952","article-title":"The Monitoring of Condition of Hydraulic Structures","volume":"10","author":"Abdrazakov","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res. Dyn. Control Syst."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1007\/s12205-016-0853-2","article-title":"Effect of Nanosilica on the Compressive Strength Development and Water Absorption Properties of Cement Paste and Concrete Containing Fly Ash","volume":"21","author":"Ehsani","year":"2017","journal-title":"KSCE J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Yildirim, H., Uyan, G.M., and Kemerli, M.K. (2003, January 26\u201330). Effect of Waterproofing Admixtures Types on Permeability of Concreto. Proceedings of the 5th national Concrete Congress, Istanbul, Turkey."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, Y., Ma, Y., Zhu, J., and Qiu, J. (2022). Study on Impermeability of Foamed Concrete Containing Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Powder. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15155176"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"230","article-title":"Strength and Water Absorption of Concrete Containing Metakaolin and Nylon Fiber","volume":"11","author":"Ismail","year":"2020","journal-title":"IJSCET"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"104","article-title":"Strength and Durability of High Performance Concrete Containing Fly Ash and Micro Silica","volume":"9","author":"Salih","year":"2018","journal-title":"IJCIET"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1515\/ace-2017-0042","article-title":"Comparative Study on Durability Properties of Engineered Cementitious Composites with Polypropylene Fiber and Glass Fiber","volume":"63","author":"Ranjith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"81","article-title":"Selected Properties of Concretes with an Addition of Fractionated Siliceous and Fluidised Bed Fly Ash","volume":"2","author":"Tracz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Wapno Beton"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.06.081","article-title":"Compressive Strength, Water Absorption, Sorptivity, Abrasion Resistance and Permeability of Self-Compacting Concrete Containing Coal Bbottom Ash","volume":"47","author":"Siddique","year":"2013","journal-title":"Constr. Build Mater."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wili\u0144ska, I., Pacewska, B., and Kubissa, W. (2019, January 16\u201317). Investigation of Portland Cement Composites Containing High Amounts of Different Kinds of Fly Ashes. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference Modern Building Materials, Structures and Techniques, Vilnius, Lithuania.","DOI":"10.3846\/mbmst.2019.113"},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"da Costa, F.B.P., Righi, D.P., Graeff, A.G., and da Silva Filho, L.C.P. (2016, January 28\u201331). Evaluation of Water Absorption on Engineered Cementitious Composites Containing Rice Husk Ash. Proceedings of the BCCM-3\u2014Brazilian Conference on Composite Materials, Gramado, Brazil."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.7409\/rabdim.013.012","article-title":"Evaluation of Impermeability of Concrete Containing Calcareous Fly Ash in Respect to Environmental Media","volume":"12","author":"Gibas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Road Bridges"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"5","article-title":"Influence of High Calcium and Low Calcium Fly Ashes on Strength and Water Absorption of Mortars","volume":"5","author":"Piasta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Struct. Environ."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"100","article-title":"Experimental Study on Water Absorption Proces of Fly Ash Concrete under Sustained Load","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IPPTA Q. J. Indian Pulp Pap. Tech. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Sun, J., Zhang, Y., Shen, X., Tan, G., and Tanner, J. (2019, January 16\u201320). Water Absorption of High Volume Fly Ash Concrete Prepared by Local Fly Ash. Proceedings of the 15th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Prague, Czech Republik."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.051","article-title":"Transport Properties of High Volume Fly Ash or Slag Concrete Exposed to High Temperature","volume":"152","author":"Karahan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2018.10.004","article-title":"Water Absorption and Electrical Resistivity of Concrete with Recycled Concrete Aggregates and Fly Ash","volume":"95","author":"Kurda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"811","article-title":"Influence of Fly Ash and Decreasing Water-Powder Ratio on Performance of Recycled Aggregate Concrete","volume":"69","author":"Radonjanin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gradevinar"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.128273","article-title":"Evaluations of Frost and Scaling Resistance of Fly Ash Concrete in Terms of Changes in Water Absorption and Pore Structure under the Accelerated Carbonation Conditions","volume":"345","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.12962\/j20882033.v31i3.5596","article-title":"Investigation of Water Absorption for Concrete Using Supplementary Materials","volume":"31","author":"Gabriel","year":"2020","journal-title":"IPTEK J. Technol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8846(95)00095-T","article-title":"Absorption Characteristics of Concrete as a Function of Location Relative to Casting Position","volume":"25","author":"Khatib","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.3846\/13923730.2016.1217923","article-title":"Effect of Fly Ash Addition on the Fracture Toughness of Plain Concrete at Third Model of Fracture","volume":"23","author":"Golewski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Civ. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2012.06.007","article-title":"The Influence of Water Absorption and Porosity on the Deterioration of Cement Paste and Concrete Exposed to Elevated Temperatures, as in a Fire Event","volume":"34","author":"Mendes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1080\/19397038.2021.1920641","article-title":"Properties of Concrete Containing Fly Ash and Bottom Ash Mixture as Fine Aggregate","volume":"14","author":"Nanda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Eng."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foti, D., Lerna, M., Sabb\u00e0, M.F., and Vacca, V. (2019). Mechanical Characteristics and Water Absorption Properties of Blast-Furnace Slag Concretes with Fly Ashes or Microsilica Additions. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9071279"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golewski, G.L. (2017). Generalized Fracture Toughness and Compressive Strength of Sustainable Concrete Including Low Calcium Fly Ash. Materials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10121393"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.2478\/ace-2019-0040","article-title":"Correlation Between Compressive Strength and Water Absorption of Fly Ash Cement Mortar Immersed in Water","volume":"65","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"1131","article-title":"Effect of Strength Class of Concrete and Curing Conditions on Capillary Water Absorption of Self-Compacting and Conventional Concrete","volume":"8","author":"Demirci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Civ. Arch. Struct. Constr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"(2011). Cement\u2013Part 1: Composition, Specifications and Conformity Criteria For Common Cements. Standard No. EN 197-1:2011."},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"(2008). Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete. Standard No. ASTM C 618-03."},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"(2002). Mixing Water for Concrete\u2014Specification for Sampling, Testing and Assessing the Suitability of Water, including Water Recovered from Processes in the Concrete Industry, as Mixing Water for Concrete. Standard No. EN 1008."},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"(2012). Testing Hardened Concrete\u2013Part 3: Compressive Strength of Test Specimens. Standard No. EN 12390-3:2011+AC."},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"(1988). Beton Zwyk\u0142y; [Ordinary Concrete]. Standard No. PN-B-06250:1988. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_108","unstructured":"(2018). Common Rules for Precast Concrete Products. Standard No. EN 13369:2018-05."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.3390\/suschem3040032","article-title":"The Role of Pozzolanic Aactivity of Siliceous Fly Ash in the Formation of the Structure of Sustainable Cementitious Composites","volume":"3","author":"Golewski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Chem."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"1","article-title":"Microstructure of the Interfacial Zone Around Aggregate Particles in Concrete","volume":"38","author":"Larbi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Heron"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, J., Zhao, Q., Chen, H., Li, M., and Yuan, L. (2023). A Numerical Study of ITZ Percolation in Polyphase Concrete Systems Considering the Synergetic Effect of Aggregate Shape- and Size-Diversities. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16062515"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(00)00210-6","article-title":"Interfacial Transition Zone in Cementitious Materials","volume":"30","author":"Prokopski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_113","unstructured":"Diamond, S. (1977). Hydraulic Cement Pastes: Their Structure and Properties, Cement and Concrete Association."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2011.07.144","article-title":"Effect of Fly Ash on the Durability Properties of High Strength Concrete","volume":"14","author":"Nath","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Eng."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golewski, G.L. (2023). Concrete Composites Based on Quaternary Blended Cements with a Reduced Width of Initial Microcracks. Appl.Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13127338"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2022.104602","article-title":"Water Absorption Behaviour of Concrete: Novel Experimental Findings and Model Characterization","volume":"53","author":"Zhuang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Z., Xiong, J., Cao, S., Zhu, J., Jia, X., Hu, Z., and Liu, K. (2023). Effect of Different Fine Aggregate Characteristics on Fracture Toughness and Microstructure of Sand Concrete. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16052080"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurdowski, W. (2014). Cement and Concrete Chemistry, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-7945-7"},{"key":"ref_119","unstructured":"Neville, A.M. (2011). Properties of Concrete, Pearson Education Limited."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02472476","article-title":"Strength of cement (final report)","volume":"24","author":"Odler","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/15\/5218\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:18:35Z","timestamp":1760127515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/15\/5218"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ma16155218"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma16155218","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]}}}