{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:53:58Z","timestamp":1787028838798,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Social Fund","award":["8.2.2.0\/20\/I\/008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8.2.2.0\/20\/I\/008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this research, agricultural residue of seed hemp variety \u201cAdzelvie\u0161i\u201d was used to create hemp particleboard samples. Hemp was grown in three experimental fields where it was observed that after seed harvesting, 3.5 tonnes of hemp stems per hectare remained. The plants were processed with milling, cutting, and sieving equipment. Moisture content and particle size distribution were observed throughout raw material processing. Hemp boards were produced using the cold pressing method with 10% urea formaldehyde resin as the binder. The boards were made as 20 mm thick single-layer parts with a density range of 220 \u00b1 30 kg\/m3 and porosity of 86%. Board structural analysis was performed using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy methods. Mechanical strength was determined by performing bending strength, internal bond strength, and screw withdrawal tests. The thermal conductivity reached 0.047 \u00b1 0.008 W\/(mK). The results were compared with industrially produced hemp shive boards and materials in the developmental or production stage. The feasibility for the experimental production cycle proposed in the study is discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16155316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T07:58:52Z","timestamp":1690531132000},"page":"5316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Particleboard Creation from Agricultural Waste Residue of Seed Hemp"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2440-6844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristaps","family":"Zvirgzds","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Design Technologies, Riga Technical University, LV-1658 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgars","family":"Kirilovs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Design Technologies, Riga Technical University, LV-1658 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvija","family":"Kukle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Design Technologies, Riga Technical University, LV-1658 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8339-0339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inga","family":"Zotova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Design Technologies, Riga Technical University, LV-1658 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilze","family":"Gudro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Design Technologies, Riga Technical University, LV-1658 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uldis","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technologies, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, LV-3001 Jelgava, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2021.105466","article-title":"From waste to sustainable industry: How can agro-industrial wastes help in the development of new products?","volume":"169","author":"Freitas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2022.08.166","article-title":"Particleboard from agricultural biomass and recycled wood waste: A review","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.4236\/ojce.2013.32A009","article-title":"The Use of Materials from Biomass as Construction Materials","volume":"2013","author":"Giglio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Open J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2021.114162","article-title":"Alternative lignocellulosic raw materials in particleboard production: A review","volume":"174","author":"Janiszewska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neitzel, N., Hosseinpourpia, R., Walther, T., and Adamopoulos, S. (2022). Alternative Materials from Agro-Industry for Wood Panel Manufacturing\u2014A Review. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15134542"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2023, July 23). European Court of Auditors Special Report: Common Agricultural Policy and Climate, Half of EU Climate Spending but Farm Emissions Are Not Decreasing. Available online: https:\/\/www.eca.europa.eu\/Lists\/ECADocuments\/SR21_16\/SR_CAP-and-Climate_EN.pdf."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Eurostat (2020). Waste Statistics, Eurostat."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Iqbal, Y., Lewandowski, I., Weinreich, A., Wippel, B., Pforte, B., Hadai, O., Tryboi, O., Spottle, M., and Peters, D. (2016). Maximising the Yield of Biomass from Residues of Agricultural Crops and Biomass from Forestry, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e08905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e08905","article-title":"Possibility of utilizing agriculture biomass as a renewable and sustainable future energy source","volume":"8","author":"Saleem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Irmak, S. (2017). Biomass as Raw Material for Production of High-Value Products. Biomass Vol. Estim. Valorization Energy.","DOI":"10.5772\/65507"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrandez-Villena, M., Ferrandez-Garcia, A., Garcia-Ortu\u00f1o, T., Ferrandez-Garcia, C.E., and Ferrandez Garcia, M.T. (2020). Properties of wood particleboards containing giant reed (Arundo donax L.) particles. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su122410469"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zvirgzds, K., Kirilovs, E., Kukle, S., and Gross, U. (2022). Production of Particleboard Using Various Particle Size Hemp Shives as Filler. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15030886"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Barbu, M.C., Reh, R., and \u00c7avdar, A.D. (2013). Research Developments in Wood Engineering and Technology, IGI Global."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"30","article-title":"Fabrication of Particle Boards from Rice Husk","volume":"7","author":"Asha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mod. Eng. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrandez-Garcia, M.T., Ferrandez-Garcia, A., Garcia-Ortu\u00f1o, T., Ferrandez-Garcia, C.E., and Ferrandez-Villena, M. (2020). Influence of particle size on the properties of boards made from Washingtonia palm rachis with citric acid. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12124841"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bekhta, P., Noshchenko, G., R\u00e9h, R., Kristak, L., Sedlia\u010dik, J., Antov, P., Mirski, R., and Savov, V. (2021). Properties of eco-friendly particleboards bonded with lignosulfonate-urea-formaldehyde adhesives and PMDI as a crosslinker. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14174875"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"615","article-title":"Manufacture of medium density fiberboard (MDF) panels from agribased lignocellulosic biomass","volume":"62","author":"Uner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wood Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adesina, I., Bhowmik, A., Sharma, H., and Shahbazi, A. (2020). A review on the current state of knowledge of growing conditions, agronomic soil health practices and utilities of hemp in the United States. Agriculture, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture10040129"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3521","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.12.2.3521-3529","article-title":"The Possibility to Use Long Fibres from Fast Growing Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) for the Production of Boards for the Building and Furniture Industry","volume":"12","author":"Mirski","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.121846","article-title":"V On the theoretical carbon storage and carbon sequestration potential of hempcrete","volume":"266","author":"Arehart","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsaliki, E., Kalivas, A., Jankauskiene, Z., Irakli, M., Cook, C., Grigoriadis, I., Panoras, I., Vasilakoglou, I., and Dhima, K. (2021). Fibre and seed productivity of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) varieties under mediterranean conditions. Agronomy, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11010171"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.800.205","article-title":"Properties of Hemp Fibres Reinforced PLA Composites","volume":"800","author":"Smoca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2023, July 15). Eurostat Hemp Production in the EU. Available online: https:\/\/agriculture.ec.europa.eu\/farming\/crop-productions-and-plant-based-products\/hemp_en."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-021-01467-1","article-title":"Valorization of Wastes from the Food Production Industry: A Review towards an Integrated Agri-Food Processing Biorefinery","volume":"13","author":"Paini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Waste Biomass Valorization"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pecoraro, M.T., Mellinas, C., Piccolella, S., Garrigos, M.C., and Pacifico, S. (2022). Hemp Stem Epidermis and Cuticle: From Waste to Starter in Bio-Based Material Development. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14142816"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2020.112969","article-title":"Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) for high-value textile applications: The effective long fiber yield and quality of different hemp varieties, processed using industrial flax equipment","volume":"158","author":"Vandepitte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e08753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e08753","article-title":"Hemp as a potential raw material toward a sustainable world: A review","volume":"8","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Vosper, J. (2023, June 22). The Role of Industrial Hemp and Carbon Farming|Hemp|Cellulose. 2011, 16, Available online: https:\/\/www.google.com.hk\/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=0CAIQw7AJahcKEwjwto-T16iAAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAg&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2Fdocumentstore.ashx%3Fid%3Dae6e9b56-1d34-4ed3-9851-2b3bf0b6eb4f&psig=AOvVaw19RHxlBEgKL6LluK00agDi&ust=1690333936887316&opi=89978449."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2023, June 22). Ka\u0146epju Audz\u0113\u0161ana K\u013c\u016bst Popul\u0101r\u0101ka; Pl\u0101no Celt P\u0101rstr\u0101des R\u016bpn\u012bcas. Available online: https:\/\/www.delfi.lv\/bizness\/biznesa_vide\/kanepju-audzesana-klust-popularaka-plano-celt-parstrades-rupnicas.d?id=40402891."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2023, June 22). L\u012bbagu Pagast\u0101 Taps Jauna Industri\u0101lo Ka\u0146epju P\u0101rstr\u0101des R\u016bpn\u012bca: Building.lv\u2014Par B\u016bvniec\u012bbu Latvij\u0101. Available online: https:\/\/building.lv\/raksts\/L\u012bbagu-pagast\u0101-taps-jauna-industri\u0101lo-ka\u0146epju-p\u0101rstr\u0101des-r\u016bpn\u012bca."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2023, June 22). Ka\u0146epju P\u0101rstr\u0101de Joproj\u0101m Buks\u0113|Laukos.lv. Available online: https:\/\/www.la.lv\/pasmaju-kanepes-neparstrada."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.126402","article-title":"Investigation of non-isothermal pyrolysis kinetics of waste industrial hemp stem by three-parallel-reaction model","volume":"347","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gusovius, H.J., L\u00fchr, C., Hoffmann, T., Pecenka, R., and Idler, C. (2019). An alternative to field retting: Fibrous materials based on wet preserved hemp for the manufacture of composites. Agriculture, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture9070140"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"61","article-title":"Thermal conductivity of hemp based boards","volume":"1","author":"Kirilovs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vide. Technol. Resur. Environ. Technol. Resour."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Fehrmann, J., Belleville, B., and Ozarska, B. (2020, January 25\u201328). Assessing the potential of hemp hurd (Cannabis sativa L.) for the production of environmentally friendly lightweight panels. Proceedings of the Australian Industrial Hemp Conference, Melbourne, Australia."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2014.03.033","article-title":"Novel sustainable hemp-based composites for application in the building industry: Physical, thermal and mechanical characterization","volume":"77","author":"Sassoni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2014.10.009","article-title":"Extraction and characterization of lignin from different biomass resources","volume":"4","author":"Watkins","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kobeti\u010dov\u00e1, K., and N\u00e1b\u011blkov\u00e1, J. (2021). Effect of Wood Hemicellulose Composition on Binding Interactions with Caffeine. Buildings, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings11110515"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"109","article-title":"Lignin-Containing pMDI-Binder for Wood Particle Board Production","volume":"97","author":"Sumerskii","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lenzing. Berichte"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferdosian, F., Pan, Z., Gao, G., and Zhao, B. (2017). Bio-Based Adhesives and Evaluation for Wood Composites Application. Polymers, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym9020070"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"195","article-title":"Lignin as a Coating and Curing Agent on Biodegradable Epoxy Resins","volume":"1","author":"Asada","year":"2020","journal-title":"React. Funct. Polym."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Yang, I. (2002). Soybean-Based Wood Adhesives for Structural Panels, Iowa State University."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1111\/jiec.13210","article-title":"Tannin-based bio-adhesives for the wood panel industry as sustainable alternatives to petrochemical resins","volume":"26","author":"Arias","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ind. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2023, July 16). HEMSPAN HEMSPAN\u2014Natural Hemp House Insulation UK. Available online: https:\/\/hemspan.com\/shop\/."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"IsoHemp, S.A. (2023, June 28). Hemp Blocks for Naturally Efficient Masonry. Available online: https:\/\/www.isohemp.com\/en\/hemp-blocks-naturally-efficient-masonry."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2023, June 28). Hempearth Hempearth Blocks. Available online: https:\/\/hempearth.ca\/products\/hempearth-hemp-board\/."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirilovs, E., Zotova, I., Gendelis, S., J\u00f6rg-Gusovius, H., Kukle, S., and Stramkale, V. (2020). Experimental study of using micro-encapsulated phase-change material integrated into hemp shive wallboard. Buildings, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings10120228"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2021, January 12). Cewood Product Page. Available online: https:\/\/www.cewood.com\/produkti."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.05.045","article-title":"Insulation materials for the building sector: A review and comparative analysis","volume":"62","author":"Schiavoni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viskovi\u0107, J., Zheljazkov, V.D., Sikora, V., Noller, J., Latkovi\u0107, D., Ocamb, C.M., and Koren, A. (2023). Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Agronomy and Utilization: A Review. Agronomy, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy13030931"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaur, G., and Kander, R. (2023). The Sustainability of Industrial Hemp: A Literature Review of Its Economic, Environmental, and Social Sustainability. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15086457"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"(2023, June 22). Compostboard Panels by RikMakes. Available online: http:\/\/www.rikmakes.com\/index.php\/materials\/."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"(2023, June 22). Hemptime.lv. Available online: http:\/\/www.hemptime.lv\/#services."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2023, June 22). \u201cExplosive\u201d Demand for Hurd in Europe Is Bright Signal for Hemp Building. Available online: https:\/\/hemptoday.net\/explosive-demand-for-hurd-in-europe-is-bright-signal-for-hemp-building\/."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"SLLC (2023). \u201cLatvian Environment Geology and Meteorology Centre\u201d Monthly Report of Meteorological Data, SLLC."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Pecenka, R., F\u00fcrll, C., and Radosavljevic, L. (2008, January 20\u201323). Processing of Wet Preserved Hemp to Fibre Boards in a Pilot Plant. Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Flax and Other Bast Plants, Saskatoon, SK, Canada. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/228355285_Processing_of_Wet_Preserved_Hemp_to_Fibre_Boards_in_a_Pilot_Plant#fullTextFileContent."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Radosavljevic, L., Pecenka, R., and Furll, C. (2008). Natural Binders for Fibreboard Made of Hemp, SaskFlax."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Furll, C. (2003). Method for Processing Natural Fiber Plants. (Patent EP 1668175B1)."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"(1993). Wood-Based Panels\u2014Determination of Moisture Content (Standard No. LVS EN 322:1993)."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"(2012). Tests for Geometrical Properties of Aggregates\u2014Part 1: Determination of Particle Size Distribution\u2014Sieving Method (Standard No. LVS EN 933-1:2012)."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Kleiberit Ltd (2015). Kleiberit UF 862.0 Technical Data Sheet, Kleiberit Ltd."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunky, M., and Niemz, P. (2002). Holzwerkstoffe und Leime, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-55938-9"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-14392004000300008","article-title":"Production and characterization of MDF using eucalyptus fibers and castor oil-based polyurethane resin","volume":"7","author":"Lahr","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"(2001). Wood-Based Panels\u2014Determination of Modulus of Elasticity in Bending and of Bending Strength (Standard No. LVS EN 310:2001)."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"(2000). Particleboards and Fibreboards\u2014Determination of Swelling in Thickness after Immersion in Water (Standard No. LVS EN 317:2000)."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"(2001). Thermal Insulation Determination of Steady-State Thermal Resistance and Related Properties Guarded Hot Plate Apparatus (Standard No. LVS ISO 8302:2001)."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"(2011). Particleboards\u2014Specifications (Standard No. LVS EN 312:2011)."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"(2000). Particleboards and Fibreboards\u2014Determination of Tensile Strength Perpendicular to the Plane of the Board (Standard No. LVS EN 319:2000)."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"(2011). Particleboards and Fibreboards\u2014Determination of Resistance to Axial Withdrawal of Screws (Standard No. LVS EN 320:2011)."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"65","article-title":"Performance of Fibreboards Made from Wetpreserved Hemp","volume":"8","author":"Kirilovs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Text. Cloth. Technol."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Kirilovs, E., Gusovius, H.J., Dolacis, J., and Kukle, S. (2013, January 15\u201317). Innovative fibreboard from wet-preserved hemp. Proceedings of the Annual 19th International Scientific Conference Proceedings, \u201cResearch for Rural Development\u201d, Jelgava, Latvia."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2017.06.033","article-title":"A comprehensive study of planting density and nitrogen fertilization effect on dual-purpose hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivation","volume":"107","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1007\/s00226-013-0568-1","article-title":"Toward improved understanding of the cell-wall density and porosity of wood determined by gas pycnometry","volume":"47","author":"Zauer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wood Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kremensas, A., Kairyte, A., Vaitkus, S., Vejelis, S., and Bal\u010diunas, G. (2019). Mechanical performance of biodegradable thermoplastic polymer-based biocomposite boards from hemp shivs and corn starch for the building industry. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3846\/mbmst.2019.132"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"679","article-title":"Development of hemp hurd particleboards from formaldehyde-free resins","volume":"18","author":"Alao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agron. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3176\/proc.2018.2.10","article-title":"Mechanical and physical properties of industrial hemp-based insulation materials|T\u00f6\u00f6stuslikust kanepist isolatsioonimaterjalide mehaanilised ja f\u00fc\u00fcsikalised omadused","volume":"67","author":"Kallakas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Est. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fehrmann, J., Belleville, B., and Ozarska, B. (2022). Effects of Particle Dimension and Constituent Proportions on Internal Bond Strength of Ultra-Low-Density Hemp Hurd Particleboard. Forests, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/f13111967"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"511","article-title":"The quality comparison of particleboards produced from heartwood and sapwood of European Larch","volume":"21","author":"Bardak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Maderas Cienc. Tecnol."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"131","article-title":"Development of innovative particleboard panels","volume":"59","author":"Balducci","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drv. Ind."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brzyski, P., G\u0142adecki, M., Rumi\u0144ska, M., Pietrak, K., Kubi\u015b, M., and \u0141apka, P. (2020). Influence of hemp shives size on hygro-thermal and mechanical properties of a hemp-lime composite. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13235383"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brzyski, P., Barnat-Hunek, D., Suchorab, Z., and Lag\u00f3d, G. (2017). Composite materials based on hemp and flax for low-energy buildings. Materials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10050510"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"02062","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/201928202062","article-title":"Thermal and moisture adsorption\/desorption properties for a selection of vegetal insulation materials","volume":"282","author":"Gendelis","year":"2019","journal-title":"MATEC Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kosi\u0144ski, P., Brzyski, P., Tunkiewicz, M., Suchorab, Z., Wi\u015bniewski, D., and Palczy\u0144ski, P. (2022). Thermal Properties of Hemp Shives Used as Insulation Material in Construction Industry. Energies, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/en15072461"},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"(2023, June 28). Bruto Segumu Apr\u0113\u0137ini par 2022. Gadu|Latvijas Lauku Konsult\u0101ciju un Izgl\u012bt\u012bbas Centrs. Available online: https:\/\/new.llkc.lv\/lv\/nozares\/ekonomika\/bruto-segumu-aprekini-par-2022-gadu."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"(2023, June 28). HurdMaster MD1000 \u2022 Hemp Micro-Decorticator. Available online: https:\/\/hurdmaster.com\/#specifications."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/15\/5316\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:21:31Z","timestamp":1760127691000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/15\/5316"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ma16155316"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma16155316","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]}}}