{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T01:17:51Z","timestamp":1792631871646,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]],"date-time":"2023-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present analysis addresses the solidification and thermodynamic parameters involved during the solidification of aluminum (Al)-based alloys as presented in the literature using different systems viz., binary aluminum-boron (Al-B) and aluminum-titanium (Al-Ti) systems, ternary aluminum-titanium-boron (Al-Ti-B) and aluminum-titanium-carbon (Al-Ti-C) systems, as well as taking into consideration the silicon-titanium-aluminide (Si-TiAl3) interaction in Al-based alloys containing Si. The analysis is supported by recent metallographic evidence obtained by the authors on A356.2 alloys. The sections on thermodynamic aspects cover the different models proposed concerning nucleation and growth on a newly formed Al grain. The value of the recalescence parameter reduces gradually with the increase in the Ti added. At a level of 0.20 wt%, this parameter becomes zero. If the concentration of grain refiner exceeds a certain amount, the grain size becomes minimal. Another parameter to be considered is the interaction between the grain refiner and traces of other metals in the base alloy. For example, Al-4%B can react with traces of Ti that may exist in the base alloy, leading to the reaction between boron and titanium to form titanium diboride (TiB2). Grain refinement is achieved primarily with TiB2 rather than aluminum diboride (AlB2), or both, depending on the Ti content in the given alloy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16165639","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T10:09:33Z","timestamp":1692180573000},"page":"5639","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A Review on the Analysis of Thermal and Thermodynamic Aspects of Grain Refinement of Aluminum-Silicon-Based Alloys"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ehab","family":"Samuel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement des Sciences Appliqu\u00e9es, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnes M.","family":"Samuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement des Sciences Appliqu\u00e9es, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0252-4102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Songmene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, \u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure (\u00c9TS), Montr\u00e9al, QC H3A 1K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8873-8605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fawzy H.","family":"Samuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement des Sciences Appliqu\u00e9es, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02643037","article-title":"The constitution of the system Al-Ti-B with reference to aluminum-base alloys","volume":"3","author":"Maxwell","year":"1972","journal-title":"Met. 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