{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T09:00:27Z","timestamp":1791277227945,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018537","name":"National Science and Technology Major Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017-VII-0003-0096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-VII-0003-0096"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018537","name":"National Science and Technology Major Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020-JCJQ-ZD-155-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-JCJQ-ZD-155-12"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Basic Research Project","award":["2017-VII-0003-0096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-VII-0003-0096"]}]},{"name":"Basic Research Project","award":["2020-JCJQ-ZD-155-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-JCJQ-ZD-155-12"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, the effect of microstructure under various dose rates of plasma immersion ion implantation on 8Cr4Mo4V steel has been investigated for crystallite size, lattice strain and dislocation density. The phase composition and structure parameters including crystallite size, dislocation density and lattice strain have been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements and determined from Scherrer\u2019s equation and three different Williamson\u2013Hall (W-H) methods. The obtained results reveal that a refined crystallite size, enlarged microstrain and increased dislocation density can be obtained for the 8Cr4Mo4V steel treated by different dose rates of ion implantation. Compared to the crystallite size (15.95 nm), microstrain (5.69 \u00d7 10\u22123) and dislocation density (8.48 \u00d7 1015) of the dose rate of 2.60 \u00d7 1017 ions\/cm2\u00b7h, the finest grain size, the largest microstrain and the highest dislocation density of implanted samples can be achieved when the dose rate rises to 5.18 \u00d7 1017 ions\/cm2\u00b7h, the effect of refining is 26.13%, and the increment of microstrain and dislocation density are 26.3% and 45.6%, respectively. Moreover, the Williamson\u2013Hall plots are fitted linearly by taking \u03b2cos\u03b8 along the y-axis and 4sin\u03b8 or 4sin\u03b8\/Yhkl or 4sin\u03b8(2\/Yhkl)1\/2 along the x-axis. In all of the W-H graphs, it can be observed that some of the implanted samples present a negative and a positive slope; a negative and a positive slope in the plot indicate the presence of compressive and tensile strain in the material.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16175876","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T06:10:22Z","timestamp":1693203022000},"page":"5876","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Understanding the Microstructure Evolution of 8Cr4Mo4V Steel under High-Dose-Rate Ion Implantation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Bin","family":"Miao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"CETC Academy of Chips Technology, Chongqing 401332, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxu","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinxin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liqin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIIT Key Laboratory of Aerospace Bearing Technology and Equipment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinghong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AECC Harbin Bearing Co., Ltd., Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2020.126196","article-title":"Plain fatigue and fretting fatigue behaviors of 17-4PH steel subjected to ultrasonic surface rolling process: A comparative study","volume":"399","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surf. 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