{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T20:11:56Z","timestamp":1791576716448,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Additive manufacturing (AM) of stainless steel is more difficult than other metallic materials, as the major alloying elements of the stainless steel are prone to oxidation during the fabrication process. In the current work, specimens of the stainless steel 316L were made by the powder laser bed fusion (P-LBF) additive manufacturing process. These specimens were investigated by electron microscopy and micro-\/nano-indentation techniques to investigate the microstructural aspects and the mechanical properties, respectively. Compositionally, a similar wrought stainless steel was subjected to identical investigation, and used as a benchmark material. The microstructure of the P-LBF-processed alloy shows both equiaxed and elongated grains, which are marginally smaller (3.2\u20133.4 \u03bcm) than that of the wrought counterpart (3.6 \u03bcm). Withstanding such marginal gain size refinement, the increase in shear stress and hardness of the L-PBF alloy was striking. The L-PBF-processed alloy possess about 1.92\u20132.12 GPa of hardness, which was about 1.5 times higher than that of wrought alloy (1.30 GPa), and about 1.15 times more resistant against plastic flow of material. Similarly, L-PBF-processed alloy possess higher maximum shear stress (274.5\u2013294.4 MPa) than that of the wrought alloy (175.9 MPa).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16175933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T10:30:52Z","timestamp":1693391452000},"page":"5933","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Microstructural and Nanoindentation Investigation on the Laser Powder Bed Fusion Stainless Steel 316L"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9247-7353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"Kurdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Advanced Manufacturing Technology Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Advanced Materials Technology Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2489-8703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thamer","family":"Tabbakh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microelectronics and Semiconductors Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2301-4758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Animesh Kumar","family":"Basak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelaide Microscopy, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2015.04.109","article-title":"Process planning for additive and subtractive manufacturing technologies","volume":"64","author":"Newman","year":"2015","journal-title":"CIRP Ann."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.08.415","article-title":"Powder bed fusion process: A brief review","volume":"46","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. 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