{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T12:48:38Z","timestamp":1790167718129,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Project of Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2021326"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021326"]}]},{"name":"Project of Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["52209149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52209149"]}]},{"name":"Project of Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["42172317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42172317"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021326"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021326"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52209149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52209149"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42172317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42172317"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Deep underground engineering encounters substantial layered hard rock formations, and the engineering triaxial stress path involves an increase in maximum principal stress, constant intermediate principal stress, and a decrease in minimum principal stress. However, previous research has focused on rock layer angles under conventional triaxial stress conditions, disregarding the influence of foliation strike angles in engineering triaxial stress scenarios. This study experimentally investigates the effects of foliation strike angles on layered hard rock under an engineering triaxial stress path. To account for the brittleness of layered hard rock, we propose a specific small sample-processing method tailored to the foliation strike angle. True triaxial loading tests are conducted on steep, thin slate samples with two different loading orientations, accompanied by acoustic emission monitoring. Results indicate that the strength under a traditional true triaxial compression condition is similar for specimens with 90\u00b0 and 0\u00b0 strike angles. Stress\u2013strain curves show that larger deformations occur perpendicular to bedding planes, while surface fractures propagate exclusively along the bedding planes. Mechanical responses differ significantly between specimens subjected to the engineering triaxial stress path at 0\u00b0 and 90\u00b0 strike angles compared to conventional true triaxial loading tests, with a lower bearing capacity and differentiated intermediate and minimum principal strains in the 0\u00b0 case. Conversely, the 90\u00b0 case exhibits a higher bearing capacity, consistent deformation, and more acoustic emission events. Numerical simulations comparing plastic zone sizes during actual underground excavation support these conclusions. These findings highlight the effects of foliation strike angles, favoring the 90\u00b0 strike-angle configuration for excavation activities and providing enhanced stability in the surrounding rock mass.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16175987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T11:41:18Z","timestamp":1693482078000},"page":"5987","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["An Experimental Investigation on the Foliation Strike-Angle Effect of Layered Hard Rock under Engineering Triaxial Stress Path"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zhaofeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9231-0732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangliang","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xufeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangyi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Safe Mining of Deep Metal Mines, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2019.104078","article-title":"Dynamic analysis of rock mass deformation in large underground caverns considering microseismic data","volume":"122","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. 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