{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T19:12:23Z","timestamp":1768677143970,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Centre for Research and Development","award":["POIR. 01.01.01-00-0646\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POIR. 01.01.01-00-0646\/19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biodegradable craniofacial and cranial implants are a new aspect in terms of reducing potential complications, especially in the long term after surgery. They are also an important contribution in the field of surgical reconstructions for children, for whom it is important to restore natural bone in a relatively short time, due to the continuous growth of bones. The aim of this study was to verify the impact of the technology on biodegradability and to estimate the risk of inappropriate implant resorption time, which is an important aspect necessary to select prototypes of implants for in vivo testing. Prototypes of implants were made using two technologies: 3D printing using a PLDLA: poly(L-co-D,L lactide) (PLDLA) filament containing hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, and injection using PLDLA. After the radiation sterilization process, they were subjected to in vitro degradation under accelerated conditions. As part of this study, the in vitro degradation of newly developed biodegradable implant technologies was assessed in accordance with the guidelines of European standards. It was found that the implant manufacturing process had a significant impact on the degradation time under simulated conditions in various media. Implants made using the injection technique were characterized by lower susceptibility to degradation media compared to the 3D-printed implant under accelerated conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16176070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T10:26:43Z","timestamp":1693909603000},"page":"6070","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effect of the Advanced Cranial and Craniofacial Implant Fabrication on Their Degradation Affinity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6781-7187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edyta","family":"Chmal-Fudali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Security Technologies \u201cMORATEX\u201d, 3 M. Sklodowskiej-Curie Str., 90-505 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9130-3084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daria","family":"Basi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Security Technologies \u201cMORATEX\u201d, 3 M. Sklodowskiej-Curie Str., 90-505 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5906-0209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Kucharska-Jastrz\u0105bek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Security Technologies \u201cMORATEX\u201d, 3 M. Sklodowskiej-Curie Str., 90-505 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1788-7862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin H.","family":"Struszczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Security Technologies \u201cMORATEX\u201d, 3 M. Sklodowskiej-Curie Str., 90-505 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7906-7448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Muzalewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamentals of Machinery Design, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6324-510X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Wyle\u017co\u0142","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamentals of Machinery Design, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"W\u0105trobi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Syntplant, Rubie\u017c 46\/C4, 61-612 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7459-0128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Andrzejewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3 Str., 61-138 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Tarzy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lukasiewicz Research Network\u2014Lodz Institute of Technology, 19\/27 M. Sklodowskiej-Curie Str., 90-570 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5611-0274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Gzyra-Jagie\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lukasiewicz Research Network\u2014Lodz Institute of Technology, 19\/27 M. Sklodowskiej-Curie Str., 90-570 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, July 07). Cranial and facial implants market: Global industry analysis and opportunity assessment 2017\u20132027. Pharm. Med. Devices2019. 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