{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:31:39Z","timestamp":1760149899807,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research of South Africa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11626","120828"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11626","120828"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The presence of dyes in effluents from textile industries has a detrimental effect on aquatic ecosystems as it hinders the process of photosynthesis by reducing the penetration of sunlight. The adsorption capacity of a carbon foam-based iron oxide sorbent obtained from natural sources for the removal of organic methylene blue (MB) dye from water was investigated. The adsorption capacities were examined by batch experiments, wherein the impacts of varying iron content, sorbent dosage, contact time, dye concentration, and characterization were assessed. The physical characteristics and surface morphology of the synthesized carbon foam were also investigated. The carbon precursor and iron oxide precursor were coalesced within a singular container and subjected to carbonization process. This resulted in the formation of a porous structure that is capable of effectively providing support to the iron oxide particles. The carbon foam produced is a self-assembled formation that possesses the characteristic shape and underlying network structure reminiscent of bread. As the number of nanoparticles went up, so did the number of active sites. At elevated temperatures, the interactions between the dye molecules were enhanced, resulting in a more efficient process of dye removal. The magnetite sample exhibited endothermic adsorption, and all other samples exhibited exothermic adsorption. The adsorption of MB onto iron supported by carbon foam did not exhibit intraparticle diffusion as the only rate-limiting step for all samples. The adsorption rate was governed by a multistep elementary reaction mechanism in which multiple processes occurred simultaneously. The experimental data in this study may be accurately modeled by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 &gt; 0.96). Additionally, the Freundlich isotherm best describes the adsorption equilibrium, which is supported by the outstanding fit of data to the model (R2 &gt; 0.999). The findings suggest that the utilization of a natural carbon foam as a support for an immobilized iron oxide sorbent demonstrates considerable effectiveness in the removal of methylene dye from industrial effluent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16196350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T03:44:42Z","timestamp":1695354282000},"page":"6350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Preparation and Use of Iron on Carbon Foam for Removal of Organic Dye from Water: Batch Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6976-8152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siphesihle Praise-God","family":"Khumalo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Discipline of Chemical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1604-0627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Lokhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Discipline of Chemical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ajay","family":"Sewpersad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Discipline of Chemical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"115","article-title":"Industrial wastewater treatment: A challenging task in the Industrial Waste Management","volume":"2","author":"Shah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. 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