{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T20:44:25Z","timestamp":1780433065803,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]],"date-time":"2023-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Class III Peak Discipline of Shanghai-Materials Science and Engineering (High-Energy Beam Intelligent Processing and Green Manufacturing)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metal FDM technology overcomes the problems of high cost, high energy consumption and high material requirements of traditional metal additive manufacturing by combining FDM and powder metallurgy and realizes the low-cost manufacturing of complex metal parts. In this work, 15-5PH stainless steel granules with a powder content of 90% and suitable for metal FDM were developed. The flowability and formability of the feedstock were investigated and the parts were printed. A two-step (solvent and thermal) debinding process is used to remove the binder from the green part. After being kept at 75 \u00b0C in cyclohexane for 24 h, the solvent debinding rate reached 98.7%. Following thermal debinding, the material\u2019s weight decreased by slightly more than 10%. Sintering was conducted at 1300 \u00b0C, 1375 \u00b0C and 1390 \u00b0C in a hydrogen atmosphere. The results show that the shrinkage of the sintered components in the X-Y-Z direction remains quite consistent, with values ranging from 13.26% to 19.58% between 1300 \u00b0C and 1390 \u00b0C. After sintering at 1390 \u00b0C, the material exhibited a relative density of 95.83%, a hardness of 101.63 HRBW and a remarkable tensile strength of 770 MPa. This work realizes the production of metal parts using 15-5PH granules\u2019 extrusion additive manufacturing, providing a method for the low-cost preparation of metal parts. And it provides a useful reference for the debinding and sintering process settings of metal FDM. In addition, it also enriches the selection range of materials for metal FDM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16196372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T10:48:31Z","timestamp":1695552511000},"page":"6372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Printing, Debinding and Sintering of 15-5PH Stainless Steel Components by Fused Deposition Modeling Additive Manufacturing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Gaoyuan","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luyang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2021.04.018","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of metallic based on extrusion process: A review","volume":"66","author":"Nurhudan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Gutierrez, J., Cano, S., Schuschnigg, S., Kukla, C., Sapkota, J., and Holzer, C. (2018). Additive Manufacturing of Metallic and Ceramic Components by the Material Extrusion of Highly-Filled Polymers: A Review and Future Perspectives. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11050840"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"101381","article-title":"Selective laser melting of low-content graphene nanoplatelets reinforced 316L austenitic stainless steel matrix: Strength enhancement without affecting ductility","volume":"34","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2020.110678","article-title":"Microstructure and mechanical property of graphene oxide\/AlSi10Mg composites fabricated by laser additive manufacturing","volume":"170","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2022.05.102","article-title":"Review of selective laser melting of magnesium alloys: Advantages, microstructure and mechanical characterizations, defects, challenges, and applications","volume":"19","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2020.04.056","article-title":"Laser sintering and invalidating composite scan for improving tensile strength and accuracy of SLS parts","volume":"56","author":"Tong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2015.03.002","article-title":"A review on selective laser sintering\/melting (SLS\/SLM) of aluminium alloy powders: Processing, microstructure, and properties","volume":"74","author":"Olakanmi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1005-0302(12)60016-4","article-title":"Metal Fabrication by Additive Manufacturing Using Laser and Electron Beam Melting Technologies","volume":"28","author":"Murr","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1007\/s11837-018-3207-3","article-title":"Comparison of Stainless Steel 316L Parts Made by FDM- and SLM-Based Additive Manufacturing Processes","volume":"71","author":"Gong","year":"2018","journal-title":"JOM"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmachtools.2005.09.005","article-title":"Rapid manufacturing of metal components by laser forming","volume":"46","author":"Santos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"14","article-title":"The effects of sintering temperature and hold time on densification, mechanical properties and microstructural characteristics of binder jet 3D printed 17-4 PH stainless steel","volume":"46","author":"Huber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"101240","article-title":"Evolution of crystallographic orientation, precipitation, phase transformation and mechanical properties realized by enhancing deposition current for dual-wire arc additive manufactured Ni-rich NiTi alloy","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2023.03.181","article-title":"Laser powder bed fusion of Alumina\/Fe\u2013Ni ceramic matrix particulate composites impregnated with a polymeric resin","volume":"24","author":"Azami","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carpenter, K., and Tabei, A. (2020). On Residual Stress Development, Prevention, and Compensation in Metal Additive Manufacturing. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13020255"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2020.106099","article-title":"A generalized criterion for fatigue crack growth in additively manufactured materials\u2014Build orientation and geometry effects","volume":"145","author":"Mirsayar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2017.11.021","article-title":"Anisotropy and heterogeneity of microstructure and mechanical properties in metal additive manufacturing: A critical review","volume":"139","author":"Kok","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Li, C., Liu, Z.Y., Fang, X.Y., and Guo, Y.B. (2018, January 11\u201313). Residual Stress in Metal Additive Manufacturing. Proceedings of the 4th CIRP Conference on Surface Integrity (CSI), Tianjin, China."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-016-9256-2","article-title":"The effect of sintering parameters on diffusion bonding of 316L stainless steel in inserted metal injection molding","volume":"89","author":"Safarian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2015.04.014","article-title":"Sintering behavior of 316L stainless steel micro\u2013nanopowder compact fabricated by powder injection molding","volume":"279","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"8","article-title":"Fused filament fabrication, debinding and sintering as a low cost additive manufacturing method of 316L stainless steel","volume":"30","author":"Thompson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2021.04.055","article-title":"A simple route for additive manufacturing of 316L stainless steel via Fused Filament Fabrication","volume":"67","author":"Sadaf","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2019.127252","article-title":"Creating metal parts by Fused Deposition Modeling and Sintering","volume":"263","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"15","article-title":"Copper extrusion 3D printing using metal injection moulding feedstock: Analysis of process parameters for green density and surface roughness optimization","volume":"38","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"102287","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of 17\u20134 PH steel using metal injection molding feedstock: Analysis of 3D extrusion printing, debinding and sintering","volume":"47","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kluczy\u0144ski, J., Jasik, K., \u0141uszczek, J., Sarzy\u0144ski, B., Grzelak, K., Dra\u017ean, T., Joska, Z., Szachog\u0142uchowicz, I., P\u0142atek, P., and Ma\u0142ek, M. (2023). A Comparative Investigation of Properties of Metallic Parts Additively Manufactured through MEX and PBF-LB\/M Technologies. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16145200"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santamaria, R., Wang, K., Salasi, M., Iannuzzi, M., Mendoza, M.Y., and Quadir, Z. (2023). Stress Corrosion Cracking of 316L Stainless Steel Additively Manufactured with Sinter-Based Material Extrusion. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202305.0272.v1"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sargini, M.I.M., Masood, S.H., Palanisamy, S., Jayamani, E., and Kapoor, A. (2021, January 5\u20136). Additive manufacturing of an automotive brake pedal by metal fused deposition modelling. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Aspects of Materials Science and Engineering (ICAMSE), Chandigarh, India.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.01.010"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2019.04.024","article-title":"Tensile properties of sintered 17-4PH stainless steel fabricated by material extrusion additive manufacturing","volume":"248","author":"Arbeiter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Godec, D., Cano, S., Holzer, C., and Gonzalez-Gutierrez, J. (2020). Optimization of the 3D Printing Parameters for Tensile Properties of Specimens Produced by Fused Filament Fabrication of 17-4PH Stainless Steel. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13030774"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"63","article-title":"Additive Manufacturing of Steel and Copper Using Fused Layer Modelling: Material and Process Development","volume":"19","author":"Ecker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Powder Met. Prog."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, L., Zhou, X., Song, Z., Zhao, C., Liu, Q., Xue, J., and Li, X. (2017). Process Parameter Optimization of Extrusion-Based 3D Metal Printing Utilizing PW\u2013LDPE\u2013SA Binder System. Materials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10030305"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmhm.2019.04.011","article-title":"Fabrication and properties of extrusion-based 3D-printed hardmetal and cermet components","volume":"82","author":"Lengauer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmhm.2020.105249","article-title":"Printability studies of Ti-6Al-4V by metal fused filament fabrication (MF3)","volume":"91","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eickhoff, R., Antusch, S., N\u00f6tzel, D., and Hanemann, T. (2023). New Partially Water-Soluble Feedstocks for Additive Manufacturing of Ti6Al4V Parts by Material Extrusion. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16083162"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmhm.2022.106021","article-title":"Processing of tungsten heavy alloy by extrusion-based additive manufacturing","volume":"110","author":"Bose","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"14","article-title":"Developing cost-effective indirect manufacturing of H13 steel from extrusion-printing to post-processing","volume":"62","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2019.105497","article-title":"Composites based on metallic particles and tuned filling factor for 3D-printing by Fused Deposition Modeling","volume":"124","author":"Palmero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2022.09.140","article-title":"Development of a Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing Process of 1.2083 steel comprising FFF Printing, Solvent and Thermal Debinding and Sintering","volume":"113","author":"Vetter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"117","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of zirconia parts by fused filament fabrication and solvent debinding: Selection of binder formulation","volume":"26","author":"Cano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1080\/00325899.2019.1616139","article-title":"Debinding behaviour of feedstock for material extrusion additive manufacturing of zirconia","volume":"62","author":"Kukla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Powder Met."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirpj.2022.04.004","article-title":"Characterisation of mechanical properties of 15-5PH stainless steel manufactured through direct energy deposition","volume":"38","author":"Tapoglou","year":"2022","journal-title":"CIRP J. Manuf. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"102207","article-title":"Novel phenomena of graphene secondary dispersion and phase transformation in selective laser melting of 15-5PH\/graphene composites","volume":"47","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2021.111012","article-title":"Effect of scanning strategy on the microstructure, texture, and mechanical properties of 15-5PH stainless steel processed by selective laser melting","volume":"174","author":"Nong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2022.108711","article-title":"Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and performances of additively manufactured 15-5PH stainless steel","volume":"157","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"102472","article-title":"Fused filament fabrication of stainless steel structures\u2014from binder development to sintered properties","volume":"49","author":"Wagner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2022.110814","article-title":"Optimization of composite extrusion modeling process parameters for 3D printing of low-alloy steel AISI 8740 using metal injection moulding feedstock","volume":"219","author":"Riaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-5093(01)00942-X","article-title":"Sintering study of 316L stainless steel metal injection molding parts using Taguchi method: Final density","volume":"311","author":"Ji","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/19\/6372\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:56:49Z","timestamp":1760129809000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/19\/6372"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ma16196372"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma16196372","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]]}}}