{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T20:15:19Z","timestamp":1792008919881,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AAAA-A21-121011390054-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AAAA-A21-121011390054-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carbon xerogels (CXs) are materials obtained via the pyrolysis of resins prepared via the sol\u2013gel polycondensation of resorcinol and formaldehyde. These materials attract great attention as adsorbents, catalyst supports, and energy storage materials. One of the most interesting features of CXs is the possibility of fine-tuning their structures and textures by changing the synthesis conditions in the sol\u2013gel stage. Thus, the first part of this review is devoted to the processes taking place in the polycondensation stage of organic precursors. The formation of hydroxymethyl derivatives of resorcinol and their polycondensation take place at this stage. Both of these processes are catalyzed by acids or bases. It is revealed that the sol\u2013gel synthesis conditions, such as pH, the formaldehyde\/resorcinol ratio, concentration, and the type of basic modifier, all affect the texture of the materials being prepared. The variation in these parameters allows one to obtain CXs with pore sizes ranging from 2\u20133 nm to 100\u2013200 nm. The possibility of using other precursors for the preparation of organic aerogels is examined as well. For instance, if phenol is used instead of resorcinol, the capabilities of the sol\u2013gel method become rather limited. At the same time, other phenolic compounds can be applied with great efficiency. The methods of gel drying and the pyrolysis conditions are also reviewed. Another important aspect analyzed within this review is the surface modification of CXs by introducing various functional groups and heteroatoms. It is shown that compounds containing nitrogen, sulfur, boron, or phosphorus can be introduced at the polycondensation stage to incorporate these elements into the gel structure. Thus, the highest surface amount of nitrogen (6\u201311 at%) was achieved in the case of the polycondensation of formaldehyde with melamine and hydroxyaniline. Finally, the methods of preparing metal-doped CXs are overviewed. Special attention is paid to the introduction of a metal precursor in the gelation step. The elements of the iron subgroup (Fe, Ni, Co) were found to catalyze carbon graphitization. Therefore, their introduction can be useful for enhancing the electrochemical properties of CXs. However, since the metal surface is often covered by carbon, such materials are poorly applicable to conventional catalytic processes. In summary, the applications of CXs and metal-doped CXs are briefly mentioned. Among the promising application areas, Li-ion batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, and adsorbents are of special interest.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16196566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T01:07:13Z","timestamp":1696554433000},"page":"6566","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Resorcinol\u2013Formaldehyde-Derived Carbon Xerogels: Preparation, Functionalization, and Application Aspects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Grigory","family":"Veselov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, 5 Lavrentyev Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6930-936X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksey","family":"Vedyagin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, 5 Lavrentyev Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7087","DOI":"10.1039\/D2MA00583B","article-title":"A MnOx\u2013graphitic carbon composite from CO2 for sustainable Li-ion battery anodes","volume":"3","author":"Lacarbonara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5772","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.3c00208","article-title":"Sustainable CO2-Derived Nanoscale Carbon Support to a Platinum Catalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction","volume":"6","author":"Najafli","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200501576","article-title":"Recent Progress in the Synthesis of Porous Carbon Materials","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2019.09.005","article-title":"New Strategies for Novel MOF-Derived Carbon Materials Based on Nanoarchitectures","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3221","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01139044","article-title":"Organic aerogels from the polycondensation of resorcinol with formaldehyde","volume":"24","author":"Pekala","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jced.0c00092","article-title":"Carbon Xerogels for Effluent Treatment","volume":"65","author":"Pillai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2003.12.072","article-title":"Porous carbon xerogels with texture tailored by pH control during sol\u2013gel process","volume":"42","author":"Job","year":"2004","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200390020","article-title":"Preparation and Properties of Resorcinol\u2013Formaldehyde Organic and Carbon Gels","volume":"15","author":"Ritter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32143","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c06836","article-title":"Electrically Conductive Carbon Aerogels with High Salt-Resistance for Efficient Solar-Driven Interfacial Evaporation","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interf."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Taher Hcine, G. (2017). Porosity, IntechOpen. Chapter 3."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45844","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c13000","article-title":"Anisotropic and Lightweight Carbon\/Graphene Composite Aerogels for Efficient Thermal Insulation and Electromagnetic Interference Shielding","volume":"14","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interf."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2020.104886","article-title":"Carbon-based aerogels and xerogels: Synthesis, properties, oil sorption capacities, and DFT simulations","volume":"9","author":"Kharissova","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1007\/s11244-009-9384-0","article-title":"Nanostructured carbons as platinum catalyst supports for proton exchange membrane fuel cell electrodes","volume":"52","author":"Job","year":"2009","journal-title":"Top. Catal."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1021\/la8027786","article-title":"Surface chemistry, porous texture, and morphology of N-doped carbon xerogels","volume":"25","year":"2009","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2009.03.050","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of nitrogen-doped carbon xerogels","volume":"47","author":"Gorgulho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2004.01.034","article-title":"Surface activation of a polymer based carbon","volume":"42","author":"Samant","year":"2004","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2008.05.006","article-title":"Tuning of texture and surface chemistry of carbon xerogels","volume":"324","author":"Mahata","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0965-9773(97)00011-1","article-title":"Synthesis of high surface area zirconia aerogels using high temperature supercritical drying","volume":"8","author":"Bedilo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nanostruct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pant, B., Park, M., and Park, S.-J. (2019). Recent advances in TiO2 films prepared by sol-gel methods for photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants and antibacterial activities. Coatings, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings9100613"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2013.03.034","article-title":"Promoting effect of vanadium on CF2Cl2 destructive sorption over nanocrystalline mesoporous MgO","volume":"175","author":"Ilyina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2014.05.148","article-title":"Optical properties of amorphous Al2O3 thin films prepared by a sol\u2013gel process","volume":"40","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2015.07.098","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of SiO2 nanoparticles via sol-gel method for industrial applications","volume":"2","author":"Dubey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veselov, G.B., Karnaukhov, T.M., Stoyanovskii, V.O., and Vedyagin, A.A. (2022). Preparation of the nanostructured Ni-Mg-O oxide system by a sol\u2013gel technique at varied pH. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12060952"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"53","article-title":"The influence of parameters in silica sol-gel process","volume":"4","author":"Milea","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. Transilvania Univ. Brasov"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3862","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cs35405a","article-title":"Synthesis of mesoporous silica nanoparticles","volume":"42","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1021\/cr00099a003","article-title":"The sol-gel process","volume":"90","author":"Hench","year":"1990","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2887","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201100283","article-title":"Advances in Tailoring Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Organic and Carbon Gels","volume":"23","author":"ElKhatat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aegerter, M.A., Leventis, N., and Koebel, M.M. (2011). Aerogels Handbook, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-7589-8"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6138","DOI":"10.1021\/cm071572m","article-title":"Time-Efficient Acid-Catalyzed Synthesis of Resorcinol\u2013Formaldehyde Aerogels","volume":"19","author":"Mulik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, T., Cao, M., Liang, J., Xie, X., and Du, G. (2017). Theoretical Confirmation of the Quinone Methide Hypothesis for the Condensation Reactions in Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Synthesis. Polymers, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym9020045"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, T., Cao, M., Liang, J., Xie, X., and Du, G. (2017). Mechanism of Base-Catalyzed Resorcinol-Formaldehyde and Phenol-Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Condensation Reactions: A Theoretical Study. Polymers, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym9090426"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6223(97)00069-9","article-title":"Effect of synthesis pH on the structure of carbon xerogels","volume":"35","author":"Lin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2004.02.016","article-title":"Controllability of pore characteristics of resorcinol\u2013formaldehyde carbon aerogel","volume":"42","author":"Horikawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2015.10.044","article-title":"A visual validation of the combined effect of pH and dilution on the porosity of carbon xerogels","volume":"223","author":"Arenillas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2008.02.023","article-title":"Tailoring the textural properties of activated carbon xerogels by chemical activation with KOH","volume":"115","author":"Zubizarreta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2014.04.048","article-title":"RF xerogels with tailored porosity over the entire nanoscale","volume":"195","author":"Arenillas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2014.07.030","article-title":"Simultaneous adjustment of the main chemical variables to fine-tune the porosity of carbon xerogels","volume":"78","author":"Arenillas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2013.05.062","article-title":"Mechanism and kinetics of nanostructure evolution during early stages of resorcinol\u2013formaldehyde polymerisation","volume":"406","author":"Gaca","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2015.06.017","article-title":"Effect of methanol content in commercial formaldehyde solutions on the porosity of RF carbon xerogels","volume":"426","author":"Calvo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chavhan, M.P., Slovak, V., Zelenkova, G., and Dominko, D. (2022). Revisiting the Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature and Type of Activation on the Performance of Carbon Electrodes in an Electrochemical Capacitor. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15072431"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2008.06.102","article-title":"Effect of the counter-ion of the basification agent on the pore texture of organic and carbon xerogels","volume":"354","author":"Job","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Non-Crystal. Solids"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2016.09.009","article-title":"Influence of alkaline compounds on the porosity of resorcinol-formaldehyde xerogels","volume":"452","author":"Calvo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Non-Crystal. Solids"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2020.08.145","article-title":"Hydrogen storage properties of carbon aerogel synthesized by ambient pressure drying using new catalyst triethylamine","volume":"45","author":"Pandey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2005.11.024","article-title":"Synthesis optimization of organic xerogels produced from convective air-drying of resorcinol\u2013formaldehyde gels","volume":"352","author":"Job","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Non-Crystal. Solids"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1557\/jmr.2017.461","article-title":"Resorcinol-formaldehyde derived carbon xerogels: A promising anode material for lithium-ion battery","volume":"33","author":"Kakunuri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2008.12.013","article-title":"Synthesis of carbon xerogel particles and fractal-like structures","volume":"64","author":"Sharma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2004.12.016","article-title":"The effects of different synthetic conditions on the porous properties of carbon cryogel microspheres","volume":"43","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"484","article-title":"Influence of nonionic surfactant concentration on physical characteristics of resorcinol-formaldehyde carbon cryogel microspheres","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2010.11.015","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of carbon aerogel microspheres by an inverse emulsion polymerization","volume":"357","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Non-Crystal. Solids"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2019.09.047","article-title":"Reduction of NO with new vanadium-carbon xerogel composites. Effect of the oxidation state of vanadium species","volume":"156","author":"Elmouwahidi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20481","DOI":"10.1021\/jp207135g","article-title":"Carbon microspheres as supercapacitors","volume":"115","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2006.12.003","article-title":"Methanol and ethanol electrooxidation on Pt and Pd supported on carbon microspheres in alkaline media","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Electrochem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8503","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9503","article-title":"Ultrahigh volumetric capacitance and cyclic stability of fluorine and nitrogen co-doped carbon microspheres","volume":"6","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature Commun."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2018.11.006","article-title":"Glycerol conversion towards valuable fuel blending compounds with the assistance of SO3H-functionalized carbon xerogels and spheres","volume":"184","author":"Malaika","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fuel Proc. Technol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-013-3248-6","article-title":"Optimization of the process variables in the microwave-induced synthesis of carbon xerogels","volume":"69","author":"Arenillas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2008.06.003","article-title":"Microwave drying as an effective method to obtain porous carbon xerogels","volume":"354","author":"Zubizarreta","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Non-Crystal. Solids"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2011.02.034","article-title":"Fast microwave-assisted synthesis of tailored mesoporous carbon xerogels","volume":"357","author":"Calvo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6223(99)00189-X","article-title":"Carbonization and activation of sol\u2013gel derived carbon xerogels","volume":"38","author":"Lin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.16056","article-title":"Toward a continuous synthesis of porous carbon xerogel beads","volume":"64","author":"Eskenazi","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIChE J."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2012.04.016","article-title":"The pyrolysis mechanism of phenol formaldehyde resin","volume":"97","author":"Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stabil."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2012.12.004","article-title":"Carbonisation of resorcinol\u2013formaldehyde organic xerogels: Effect of temperature, particle size and heating rate on the porosity of carbon xerogels","volume":"100","author":"Moreno","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Analyt. Appl. Pyrol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3639","DOI":"10.1149\/1.1392526","article-title":"Correlation of Double-Layer Capacitance with the Pore Structure of Sol-Gel Derived Carbon Xerogels","volume":"146","author":"Lin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23710","DOI":"10.1039\/c2jm34066f","article-title":"KOH activation of carbon-based materials for energy storage","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2009.05.033","article-title":"Carbon xerogels synthesized via phenol\u2013formaldehyde gels","volume":"126","author":"Scherdel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Micropor. Mesopor. Mater."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1021\/la803200b","article-title":"Synthesis and Properties of Phloroglucinol\u2212Phenol\u2212Formaldehyde Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels","volume":"25","year":"2009","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1134\/S0023158408050157","article-title":"Sorbents and supports based on nanoporous carbon xerogels","volume":"49","author":"Molchanov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kinet. Catal."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6223(99)00160-8","article-title":"Preparation of porous carbons from phenol\u2013formaldehyde resins with chemical and physical activation","volume":"38","author":"Teng","year":"2000","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cartre.2021.100037","article-title":"Carbon xerogel from 5-methylresorcinol-formaldehyde gel: The controllability of structural properties","volume":"3","author":"Peikolainen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbon Trends"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1134\/S1070427222030089","article-title":"Synthesis and Properties of Carbon Gels Based on Larch Bark Tannins and Hydrolysis Lignin","volume":"95","author":"Mikova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Russ. J. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mikova, N.M., Ivanov, I.P., Fetisova, O.Y., Kazachenko, A.S., and Kuznetsov, B.N. (2023). Characterization of the pine biomass derived tannin\u2013furfuryl carbon xerogels. Biores. Technol. Rep., 22.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biteb.2023.101454"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1002\/app.21582","article-title":"Organic and carbon aerogels from the NaOH-catalyzed polycondensation of resorcinol\u2013furfural and supercritical drying in ethanol","volume":"96","author":"Wu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polymer Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-010-2362-y","article-title":"Structurally tailored carbon xerogels produced through a sol\u2013gel process in a water\u2013methanol\u2013inorganic salt solution","volume":"58","author":"Szala","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2010.10.054","article-title":"Acetic acid catalysed carbon xerogels derived from resorcinol-furfural for hydrogen storage","volume":"36","author":"Tian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9351","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ta10876g","article-title":"Functionalization of porous carbons for catalytic applications","volume":"1","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3389","DOI":"10.1039\/c1ee01437d","article-title":"Nitrogen-doped carbon xerogel: A novel carbon-based electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells","volume":"4","author":"Jin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1039\/C2TA00028H","article-title":"Nitrogen-containing porous carbons: Synthesis and application","volume":"1","author":"Shen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2021.149242","article-title":"Relationships between texture, surface chemistry and performance of N-doped carbon xerogels in the oxygen reduction reaction","volume":"548","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200801236","article-title":"Combined Effect of Nitrogen- and Oxygen-Containing Functional Groups of Microporous Activated Carbon on its Electrochemical Performance in Supercapacitors","volume":"19","author":"Seredych","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Func. Mater."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leng, L., Xu, S., Liu, R., Yu, T., Zhuo, X., Leng, S., Xiong, Q., and Huang, H. (2020). Nitrogen containing functional groups of biochar: An overview. Biores. Technol., 298.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.122286"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8087","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.5b12090","article-title":"Effect of N-Containing Functional Groups on CO2 Adsorption of Carbonaceous Materials: A Density Functional Theory Approach","volume":"120","author":"Lim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.02.119","article-title":"Surface functional groups of carbon-based adsorbents and their roles in the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions: A critical review","volume":"366","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2022.05.222","article-title":"Nitrogen-doped porous carbons derived from sustainable biomass via a facile post-treatment nitrogen doping strategy: Efficient CO2 capture and DRM","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2014.04.006","article-title":"Nitrogen-doped carbon xerogels as catalysts for advanced oxidation processes","volume":"241","author":"Rocha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2023.114067","article-title":"N-doped carbon xerogels from urea-resorcinol-formaldehyde as carbon matrix for Fe-N-C catalysts for oxygen reduction in fuel cells","volume":"418","author":"Alegre","year":"2023","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7182","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA12441C","article-title":"N-doped carbon xerogels as adsorbents for the removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2014.06.148","article-title":"The key role of metal dopants in nitrogen-doped carbon xerogel for oxygen reduction reaction","volume":"269","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2020.03.015","article-title":"ZnO\/Carbon xerogel photocatalysts by low-pressure plasma treatment, the role of the carbon substrate and its plasma functionalization","volume":"570","author":"Haye","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2021.126285","article-title":"Hierarchical porous N-doped carbon xerogels for high performance CO2 capture and supercapacitor","volume":"616","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14276","DOI":"10.1021\/la503207t","article-title":"Heterogeneous Carbon Gels: N-Doped Carbon Xerogels from Resorcinol and N-Containing Heterocyclic Aldehydes","volume":"30","author":"Norek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2019.109811","article-title":"Effect of porous structure on doping and the catalytic performance of carbon xerogels towards the oxygen reduction reaction","volume":"293","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AST.93.41","article-title":"Nitrogen Doped and Functionalized Carbon Materials as Supports for Catalysts in Electro-Oxidation of Methanol","volume":"93","author":"Alegre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2023.114136","article-title":"Characterisation of the surface chemistry of carbon materials by temperature-programmed desorption: An assessment","volume":"418","author":"Rocha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2009.02.022","article-title":"Controlling the surface chemistry of carbon xerogels using HNO3-hydrothermal oxidation","volume":"47","author":"Silva","year":"2009","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2013.11.028","article-title":"Functionalization of carbon xerogels for the preparation of palladium supported catalysts applied in sugar transformations","volume":"148\u2013149","author":"Mager","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13045","DOI":"10.1021\/jp400824n","article-title":"Oxygen-Functionalized Highly Mesoporous Carbon Xerogel Based Catalysts for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Anodes","volume":"117","author":"Alegre","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1021\/la404667y","article-title":"Influence of the Boron Precursor and Drying Method on Surface Properties and Electrochemical Behavior of Boron-Doped Carbon Gels","volume":"30","year":"2014","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10008-019-04336-z","article-title":"Study on boron and nitrogen co-doped graphene xerogel for high-performance electrosorption application","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Solid State Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2022.126610","article-title":"The influence of the surface chemistry of phosphorylated carbon xerogel catalysts on the production of HMF from fructose in water","volume":"334","author":"Eblagon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-017-4452-6","article-title":"Synthesis and capacitance performance of phosphorous-enriched carbon xerogel","volume":"84","author":"Annamalai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaem.9b02032","article-title":"Nitrogen, Phosphorus Co-doped Carbon Obtained from Amino Acid Based Resin Xerogel as Efficient Electrode for Supercapacitor","volume":"3","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"080529","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/ac18e0","article-title":"A facile process to fabricate phosphorus\/carbon xerogel composite as anode for sodium ion batteries","volume":"168","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2014.02.016","article-title":"Synthesis and electrocatalytic activity of phosphorus-doped carbon xerogel for oxygen reduction","volume":"127","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2015.11.050","article-title":"Copolycondensation of heterocyclic aldehydes: A general approach to sulfur and nitrogen dually-doped carbon gels","volume":"225","author":"Norek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2017.02.045","article-title":"Heterogeneous iron-containing carbon gels as catalysts for oxygen electroreduction: Multifunctional role of sulfur in the formation of efficient systems","volume":"116","author":"Dembinska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101964","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.202101964","article-title":"Recent Advances in Boron- and Nitrogen-Doped Carbon-Based Materials and Their Various Applications","volume":"9","author":"Thakur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interf."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcata.2007.11.029","article-title":"The influence of surface functionalization of activated carbon on palladium dispersion and catalytic activity in hydrogen oxidation","volume":"335","author":"Radkevich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. A Gen."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203883","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202203883","article-title":"Stability of Platinum-Group-Metal-Based Electrocatalysts in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells","volume":"32","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Func. Mater."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcat.2008.10.014","article-title":"Synthesis of very highly dispersed platinum catalysts supported on carbon xerogels by the strong electrostatic adsorption method","volume":"261","author":"Lambert","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Catal."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2010.03.068","article-title":"Ni-doped carbon xerogels for H2 storage","volume":"48","author":"Zubizarreta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2011.09.001","article-title":"Preparation of cobalt\/carbon-xerogel for heterogeneous oxidation of phenol","volume":"186","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2018.05.015","article-title":"Effect of carbon precursor and initial pH on cobalt-doped carbon xerogel for oxygen reduction","volume":"43","author":"Loh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cap.2011.12.009","article-title":"Effect of nickel catalyst on physicochemical properties of carbon xerogels as electrode materials for supercapacitor","volume":"12","year":"2012","journal-title":"Current Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202300809","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.202300809","article-title":"Nano-Nickel Doped Carbon Xerogel: Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Performance towards Ethanol Fuel Electro-oxidation","volume":"8","author":"Hassan","year":"2023","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2004.08.013","article-title":"Synthesis of transition metal-doped carbon xerogels by solubilization of metal salts in resorcinol\u2013formaldehyde aqueous solution","volume":"42","author":"Job","year":"2004","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115757","article-title":"Highly graphitic Fe-doped carbon xerogels as dual-functional electro-Fenton catalysts for the degradation of tetracycline in wastewater","volume":"228","author":"Elmouwahidi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.03.132","article-title":"Synthesis of carbon xerogels modified with amine groups and copper for efficient adsorption of caffeine","volume":"345","author":"Goscianska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2007.04.001","article-title":"Synthesis of transition metal-doped carbon xerogels by cogelation","volume":"353","author":"Job","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Non-Crystal. Solids"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2020.01.048","article-title":"Rapid, tunable synthesis of porous carbon xerogels with expanded graphite and their application as anodes for Li-ion batteries","volume":"565","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diamond.2021.108781","article-title":"Hierarchical porous graphitized carbon xerogel for high performance supercapacitor","volume":"121","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diam. Relat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-014-3338-0","article-title":"The influence of thermal treatment on the electrochemical properties of carbon\u2013Ni\u2013Pd composites","volume":"71","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2021.105568","article-title":"Oxidative and adsorptive removal of chlorophenols over Fe-, N- and S-multi-doped carbon xerogels","volume":"9","author":"Norek","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2019.09.066","article-title":"Nitrogen-doped carbon xerogels catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction: Improved structural and catalytic activity by enhancing nitrogen species and cobalt insertion","volume":"44","author":"Loh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2018.08.029","article-title":"How do the micropores of carbon xerogels influence their electrochemical behavior as anodes for lithium-ion batteries?","volume":"275","author":"Piedboeuf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2019.100569","article-title":"Enhanced catalytic graphitization of resorcinol formaldehyde derived carbon xerogel to improve its anodic performance for lithium ion battery","volume":"20","author":"Gaikwad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2989","DOI":"10.1557\/jmr.2020.293","article-title":"In situ graphitized hard carbon xerogel: A promising high-performance anode material for Li-ion batteries","volume":"35","author":"Gaikwad","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2015.10.017","article-title":"Catalytic graphitization of resorcinol-formaldehyde xerogel and its effect on lithium ion intercalation","volume":"117","author":"Kakunuri","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Analyt. Appl. Pyrol."},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"735","article-title":"A review of recent developments in Si\/C composite materials for Li-ion batteries","volume":"34","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Stor. Mater."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2022.140790","article-title":"A promising silicon\/carbon xerogel composite for high-rate and high-capacity lithium-ion batteries","volume":"426","author":"Cuesta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33192","DOI":"10.1039\/D1RA06462B","article-title":"Electrochemical properties of an activated carbon xerogel monolith from resorcinol\u2013formaldehyde for supercapacitor electrode applications","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-023-06101-1","article-title":"Nitrogen, nickel and graphene oxide doped carbon xerogel as an active electrode of an electrochemical capacitor","volume":"106","author":"Krawczyk","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5750","DOI":"10.1002\/celc.201901611","article-title":"Highly Stable Dispersion of Carbon Nanotubes in Deep Eutectic Solvent for the Preparation of CNT-Embedded Carbon Xerogels for Supercapacitors","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"ChemElectroChem"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2020.114848","article-title":"Synergistic performance of simply fabricated polyaniline\/carbon xerogel composite as supercapacitor electrode","volume":"880","author":"Khammar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Electroanalyt. Chem."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wasfey, M.A., Abdelwahab, A., Carrasco-Mar\u00edn, F., P\u00e9rez-Cadenas, A.F., Abdullah, H.H., Yahia, S.I., and Farghali, A.A. (2020). Nickel Cobaltite Functionalized Silver Doped Carbon Xerogels as Efficient Electrode Materials for High Performance Symmetric Supercapacitor. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13214906"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NA00776A","article-title":"Synergy between iron oxide sites and nitrogen-doped carbon xerogel\/diamond matrix for boosting the oxygen reduction reaction","volume":"4","author":"Abdelwahab","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelrazek, G.M., El-Deeb, M.M., Farghali, A.A., P\u00e9rez-Cadenas, A.F., and Abdelwahab, A. (2021). Design of Self-Supported Flexible Nanostars MFe-LDH@ Carbon Xerogel-Modified Electrode for Methanol Oxidation. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14185271"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelwahab, A., Carrasco-Mar\u00edn, F., and P\u00e9rez-Cadenas, A.F. (2019). Carbon Xerogels Hydrothermally Doped with Bimetal Oxides for Oxygen Reduction Reaction. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12152446"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2022.166077","article-title":"3D Nanohybrid of MoS2 nanocoils functionalized carbon xerogels for methanol electro-oxidation","volume":"921","author":"Abdelrazek","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compnd."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2021.111039","article-title":"Monolithic carbon xerogels-metal composites for crude oil removal from oil in-saltwater emulsions and subsequent regeneration through oxidation process: Composites synthesis, adsorption studies, and oil decomposition experiments","volume":"319","author":"Medina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3534","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2019.1615130","article-title":"Mesoporous carbon xerogel material for the adsorption of model naphthenic acids: Structure effect and kinetics modelling","volume":"41","author":"Rashed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.01.053","article-title":"Adsorption of organic matter in oil sands process water (OSPW) by carbon xerogel","volume":"154","author":"Benally","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2010.07.048","article-title":"Potential of nano-carbon xerogels in the remediation of dye-contaminated water discharges","volume":"265","author":"Girgis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"34684","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization, and application of pristine and clay-templated carbon xerogel microspheres for removing diclofenac and heavy metals from water solution","volume":"30","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2019.116341","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of carbon xerogel\/graphene hybrids as adsorbents for metronidazole pharmaceutical removal: Effect of operating parameters","volume":"237","year":"2020","journal-title":"Separ. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ptaszkowska-Koniarz, M., Goscianska, J., Bazan-Wozniak, A., and Pietrzak, R. (2022). Amine-Modified Carbon Xerogels as Effective Carbon-Based Adsorbents of Anionic Dye from Aqueous Solutions. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15165736"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2018.01.057","article-title":"Removal of rhodamine B from water by modified carbon xerogels","volume":"543","author":"Goscianska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1007\/s40201-020-00533-5","article-title":"Use of NH4Cl for activation of carbon xerogel to prepare a novel efficacious adsorbent for benzene removal from contaminated air streams in a fixed-bed column","volume":"18","author":"Rastegar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s10450-018-9933-6","article-title":"Resorcinol\u2013formaldehyde carbon xerogel as selective adsorbent of carbon dioxide present on biogas","volume":"24","author":"Regufe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adsorption"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2009.10.002","article-title":"Carbon xerogels: Nano- and adsorption textures, chemical nature of the surface and gas chromatography properties","volume":"130","author":"Zheivot","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2020.123651","article-title":"Visible light-driven ZnO\/g-C3N4\/carbon xerogel ternary photocatalyst with enhanced activity for 4-chlorophenol degradation","volume":"256","author":"Landers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2019.124034","article-title":"Effect of synthesis medium on structural and photocatalytic properties of ZnO\/carbon xerogel composites for solar and visible light degradation of 4-chlorophenol and bisphenol A","volume":"584","author":"Valim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mseb.2021.115183","article-title":"Development of a new zinc oxide\/tin oxide\/carbon xerogel photocatalyst for visible light photodegradation of 4-chlorophenol","volume":"269","author":"Goes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. B"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Safri, A., Fletcher, A.J., Safri, R., and Rasheed, H. (2022). Integrated Adsorption&ndash;Photodegradation of Organic Pollutants by Carbon Xerogel\/Titania Composites. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27238483"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2022.08.018","article-title":"Synthesis of a reusable magnetic photocatalyst based on carbon xerogel\/TiO2 composites and its application on acetaminophen degradation","volume":"48","author":"Furtado","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2020.02.249","article-title":"TiO2\/Nb2O5\/carbon xerogel ternary photocatalyst for efficient degradation of 4-chlorophenol under solar light irradiation","volume":"46","author":"Torezin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8280","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-22825-z","article-title":"Kraft lignin-based carbon xerogel\/zinc oxide composite for 4-chlorophenol solar-light photocatalytic degradation: Effect of pH, salinity, and simultaneous Cr(VI) reduction","volume":"30","author":"Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2013.04.016","article-title":"Carbon supports for the catalytic dehydrogenation of liquid organic hydrides as hydrogen storage and delivery system","volume":"39","author":"Alegre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcata.2014.06.011","article-title":"Microspheres of carbon xerogel: An alternative Pt-support for the selective hydrogenation of citral","volume":"482","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. A Gen."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1002\/cctc.201702007","article-title":"Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Xerogels Supporting Palladium Nanoparticles for Selective Hydrogenation Reactions: The Role of Pyridine Nitrogen Species","volume":"10","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ChemCatChem"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2020.03.004","article-title":"Catalysts based on carbon xerogels with high catalytic activity for the reduction of NOx at low temperatures","volume":"356","author":"Drwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcata.2022.118484","article-title":"Ruthenium-based catalysts supported on carbon xerogels for hydrogen production via ammonia decomposition","volume":"632","author":"Mazzone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. A Gen."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barros, R.A.M., Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o, R.O., Carabineiro, S.A.C., Neves, M.C., Freire, M.G., Faria, J.L., Santos-Ebinuma, V.C., Tavares, A.P.M., and Silva, C.G. (2022). Immobilization and Characterization of L-Asparaginase over Carbon Xerogels. BioTech, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202204.0049.v1"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/19\/6566\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:01:48Z","timestamp":1760130108000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/19\/6566"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]]},"references-count":161,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ma16196566"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma16196566","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]]}}}