{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T11:01:32Z","timestamp":1783076492135,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Engineering of Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences"},{"name":"Centre for Advanced Manufacturing Technologies of Wroclaw University of Science and Technology"},{"name":"Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences"},{"name":"Wroclaw University of Science and Technology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While chromium\u2013nickel steel is known to be extremely resistant to corrosion, the occurrence of certain factors can unfortunately initiate an uncontrolled corrosion process. This paper presents samples made of 304 stainless steel containing delta ferrite that have been exposed to wastewater for 18 months. Samples placed above the surface of the wastewater (A-series) were intensively corroded. Samples half-submerged in the wastewater and periodically fully submerged at higher effluent flows through the screenings and grit separator (B-series) only suffered minor mechanical erosion. No significant changes in the tested surface were observed on samples fully submerged in wastewater (C-series). The results indicated that the observed pitting corrosion of samples placed above the surface of the wastewater was a consequence of the presence of bacteria in a wet hydrogen sulfide environment. The fluorescence in situ hybridization method showed that either the sludge taken from the wastewater, or from the surface of samples submerged in wastewater exhibited increased amounts of bacteria from the \u03b4-proteobacteria class, indicating the presence of microorganisms involved in the reduction of sulfur or sulfate compounds. A new approach to microbiological evaluation by determining classes of bacteria may be a promising tool for evaluating wastewater in terms of aggressiveness and recognizing favorable corrosive conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16206637","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T02:11:01Z","timestamp":1696990261000},"page":"6637","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Stainless Steel in Municipal Sewage\u2014How to Recognize Favorable Corrosion Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3833-5300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Lochy\u0144ski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 24, 50-363 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3323-7648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Doma\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 24, 50-363 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3443-4136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Dziedzic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Lukasiewicza 5, 50-371 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamila","family":"Hamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 24, 50-363 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barton, L.L., and Hamilton, W.A. (2007). Sulphate-Reducing Bacteria: Environmental and Engineered Systems, Cambridge University Press. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511541490"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.124388","article-title":"Concrete Corrosion in a Wastewater Treatment Plant\u2013A Comprehensive Case Study","volume":"303","author":"Woyciechowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"165","article-title":"Corrosion of AlSi 304L Austenitic Stainless Steel in Non-Stationary Aqueous HCl+ NaCl Solution","volume":"14","author":"Opiekun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Foundry Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Mathers, G. 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