{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:35:31Z","timestamp":1760150131776,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation of the Institute of Spacecraft System Engineering CAST of China","award":["WY-XXJXRW026","QN2019192"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WY-XXJXRW026","QN2019192"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Education Department","award":["WY-XXJXRW026","QN2019192"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WY-XXJXRW026","QN2019192"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>QBe2.0 strips were used to fabricate spiral tubes and actuators for controlled extension (STACERs) through the winding and stabilization method, which is a novel technique for obtaining STACERs. The raw strips and the STACERs were investigated using tensile tests and SEM for the mechanical properties and fractography observation, employing specialized test equipment for service performance, and via XRD, EBSD, and TEM were used to test the residual stress and microstructure evolution. The tensile strength\/elongation for raw strips was 485.8 MPa\/60%, while for STACERs, tensile strength increased by 834.67 MPa to 646 MPa, and the elongation rate decreased by 12% to 19.3%. The fractography showed that the fracture mode was ductile. The service performance tests indicated that STACERs obtained under 320 \u00b0C had a higher driving force, good pointing accuracy, and high bending stiffness, while the residual stress of raw strips was \u03c4xy = \u22126 MPa; for STACERs obtained between 290 \u00b0C and 350 \u00b0C, \u03c4xy decreased from \u22125 MPa to \u221274 MPa, then increased from \u221274 MPa to 21 MPa, and the optimum fabricating parameter was 320 \u00b0C + 2 h. The EBSD results showed that LABs and HABs for raw strips and STACERs at 320 \u00b0C + 2 h accounted for 3\u201397% and 24.5\u201375.5%, the grain sizes were 7.07 \u03bcm and 3.67 \u03bcm, and the twin fraction decreased from 57.3% to 31.8%, respectively. The KAM and Schmid factor maps indicated that the STACER was prone to recovering and recrystallizing. Coupled with the EBSD results, the TEM results indicated that the strengthening mechanism for raw strips is twinning strengthening, while that for STACER is grain-refining strengthening with a precipitation of the \u03b3\u2033 phase. It is a meaningful novelty that the relationship between the macro properties and microstructure has been elucidated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16206719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T08:25:09Z","timestamp":1697531109000},"page":"6719","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Study of the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Spiral Tubes and Actuators for Controlled Extension Fabricated with Beryllium Bronze Strips"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1324-180X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruilong","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingtao","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"Guangzhou Sino Precision Steel Tube Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 511300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhanhua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang 050043, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Congfa","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Spacecraft System Engineering, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiawei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3210-3544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenqian","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Sino Precision Steel Tube Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 511300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Adrover, E.R. 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