{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T22:04:16Z","timestamp":1784585056866,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microbial colonization in veterinary stents poses a significant and concerning issue in veterinary medicine. Over time, these pathogens, particularly bacteria, can colonize the stent surfaces, leading to various complications. Two weeks following the stent insertion procedure, the colonization becomes observable, with the aggressiveness of bacterial growth directly correlating with the duration of stent placement. Such microbial colonization can result in infections and inflammations, compromising the stent\u2019s efficacy and, subsequently, the animal patient\u2019s overall well-being. Managing and mitigating the impact of these pathogens on veterinary stents is a crucial challenge that veterinarians and researchers are actively addressing to ensure the successful treatment and recovery of their animal patients. In addition, irritation of the tissue in the form of an inserted stent can lead to overgrowth of granulation tissue, leading to the closure of the stent lumen, as is most often the case in the trachea. Such serious complications after stent placement require improvements in the procedures used to date. In this review, antibacterial or antibiofilm strategies for several stents used in veterinary medicine have been discussed based on the current literature and the perspectives have been drawn. Various coating strategies such as coating with hydrogel, antibiotic, or other antimicrobial agents have been reviewed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16216834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T11:39:04Z","timestamp":1698147544000},"page":"6834","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Antimicrobial and Antiproliferative Coatings for Stents in Veterinary Medicine\u2014State of the Art and Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0228-8541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szymon","family":"Graczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9607-2919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Pas\u0142awski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8926-5678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arkadiusz","family":"Grzeczka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2298-9713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Urszula","family":"Pas\u0142awska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"\u015awieczko-\u017burek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Ship Technology, Gdansk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11\/12, 80-229 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0596-3140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaudia","family":"Malisz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Ship Technology, Gdansk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11\/12, 80-229 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2417-7789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ketul","family":"Popat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1551-2725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina","family":"Sionkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9154-8191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrycja","family":"Goli\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Lwowska 1, 87-100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0291-0422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahendra","family":"Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piaui (UFPI), Teresina 64049-550, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scafa Udri\u0219te, A., Niculescu, A.G., Grumezescu, A.M., and B\u0103dil\u0103, E. (2021). Cardiovascular Stents: A Review of Past, Current, and Emerging Devices. 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