{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T04:48:48Z","timestamp":1781153328941,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific Research Deanship at University of Ha\u2019il\u2014Saudi Arabia","award":["RG-23 030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG-23 030"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research investigates the long-term resilience of an environmentally friendly cement blend comprising Egyptian Ordinary Portland Cement OPC and Ground-Granulated Blast Furnace Slag GGBFS when exposed to a corrosive seawater environment. This scientific investigation explores the effects of exposure to seawater on various properties of cement pastes, encompassing parameters such as free lime content (FLC), chemically combined water content (CWC), bulk density (BD), total porosity (\u03d5), total sulfate content, total chloride content, and compressive strength (CS). By contrast, Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), FT-IR spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis can be utilized to investigate the influence of exposure to seawater on the hydration products of GGBFS cement pastes over a period of up to one year. This analytical approach offers valuable insights into the alterations that occur in hydration products and their resilience when subjected to seawater conditions. The results obtained from this investigation reveal that all cement pastes incorporating GGBFS exhibit heightened resistance to deterioration in seawater, with slag cement containing 60 wt. % GGBFS and achieving a notable compressive strength of 85.7 Mpa after one year of immersion in seawater. These findings underscore the capacity of these cement blends to effectively withstand challenges in durability in marine environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16216876","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T07:22:15Z","timestamp":1698304935000},"page":"6876","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Prolonging the Durability of Maritime Constructions through a Sustainable and Salt-Resistant Cement Composite"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8122-4019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Heikal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7390-8592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biotechnology, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City 11829, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0806-3810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Djamel","family":"Ghernaout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Ha\u2019il, P.O. Box 2440, Ha\u2019il 81441, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Blida, Blida 09000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2923-3062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noureddine","family":"Elboughdiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Ha\u2019il, P.O. Box 2440, Ha\u2019il 81441, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Chemical Engineering Process Department, National School of Engineers Gabes, University of Gabes, Gabes 6029, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Badia","family":"Ghernaout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department, Amar Tlidji University of Laghouat, Laghouat 03000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hazem I.","family":"Bendary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Higher Institute of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, El-Shorouk Academy, Shorouk City 11837, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.11.006","article-title":"Durability of cement pastes exposed to external sulfate attack and leaching: Physical and chemical aspects","volume":"116","author":"Ragoug","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cem. 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