{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:13:10Z","timestamp":1790809990821,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service)","award":["2020\/21 (57507871)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/21 (57507871)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review article dives into the complex world of biocompatibility testing: chemical, mechanical, and biological characterization, including many elements of biocompatibility, such as definitions, descriptive examples, and the practical settings. The focus extends to evaluating standard documents obtained from reliable organizations; with a particular focus on open-source information, including FDA-USA, ISO 10933 series, and T\u00dcV S\u00dcD. We found a significant gap in this field: biomaterial scientists and those involved in the realm of medical device development in general, and implants in particular, lack access to a tool that reorganizes the process of selecting the appropriate biocompatibility test for the implant being examined. This work progressed through two key phases that aimed to provide a solution to this gap. A straightforward \u201cyes or no\u201d flowchart was initially developed to guide biocompatibility testing decisions based on the previously accumulated information. Subsequently, the Python code was employed, generating a framework through targeted questions. This work reshapes biocompatibility evaluation, bridging theory and practical implementation. An integrated approach via a flowchart and the Python code empowers stakeholders to navigate biocompatibility testing effortlessly. To conclude, researchers are now better equipped for a safer, more effective implant development, propelling the field towards improved patient care and innovative progress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16216881","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T11:50:18Z","timestamp":1698407418000},"page":"6881","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":116,"title":["Biocompatibility Testing for Implants: A Novel Tool for Selection and Characterization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3772-5617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walid","family":"Al-Zyoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Applied Medical Sciences, German Jordanian University, Amman 11180, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Haddadin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Applied Medical Sciences, German Jordanian University, Amman 11180, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0126-9269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sameer Ahmad","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Applied Medical Sciences, German Jordanian University, Amman 11180, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2683-2695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hussamaldeen","family":"Jaradat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Measurement and Sensor Technology, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7166-1266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olfa","family":"Kanoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Measurement and Sensor Technology, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202002153","article-title":"Biocompatibility Evolves: Phenomenology to Toxicology to Regeneration","volume":"10","author":"Crawford","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.04.023","article-title":"On the Mechanisms of Biocompatibility","volume":"29","author":"Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2022, November 20). Bengt Kasemo QSense Overview What Is Biocompatibility. Available online: https:\/\/www.biolinchina.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/QSense-Overview-What-is-biocompatibility.pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.10750","article-title":"Biocompatibility Assessment of Biomaterials Used in Orthopedic Devices: An Overview (Review)","volume":"22","author":"Huzum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carnicer-Lombarte, A., Chen, S.T., Malliaras, G.G., and Barone, D.G. (2021). Foreign Body Reaction to Implanted Biomaterials and Its Impact in Nerve Neuroprosthetics. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.622524"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fayzullin, A., Bakulina, A., Mikaelyan, K., Shekhter, A., and Guller, A. (2021). Implantable Drug Delivery Systems and Foreign Body Reaction: Traversing the Current Clinical Landscape. Bioengineering, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering8120205"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623307310949","article-title":"Biocompatibility: Meeting a Key Functional Requirement of Next-Generation Medical Devices","volume":"36","author":"Helmus","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36930","article-title":"Biomaterials and Biocompatibility: An Historical Overview","volume":"108","author":"Marin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1159\/000443331","article-title":"Elie Metchnikoff, the Man and the Myth","volume":"8","author":"Gordon","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ratner, B.D., and Zhang, G. (2020). A History of Biomaterials, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-816137-1.00002-7"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2023, February 21). History of Linen and Why Linen|Fek\u2019s Bedding. Available online: https:\/\/www.feksbedding.com\/services-7."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000006149","article-title":"Catgut and Its Use in Plastic Surgery","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Craniofac Surg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1080\/00015458.2012.11680861","article-title":"From Ants to Staples: History and Ideas Concerning Suturing Techniques","volume":"112","author":"Schiappa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Chir. Belg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merola, M., and Affatato, S. (2019). Materials for Hip Prostheses: A Review of Wear and Loading Considerations. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12030495"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-013-2004-4","article-title":"Earliest Times before Hip Arthroplasty: From John Rhea Barton to Themistocles Gl\u00fcck","volume":"37","author":"Hernigou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"e16","article-title":"Total Hip Arthroplasty-over 100 Years of Operative History","volume":"3","author":"Knight","year":"2011","journal-title":"Orthop. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-4003.201634","article-title":"Evolution of Restorative Dentistry from Past to Present","volume":"9","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian. J. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03215496","article-title":"Gold in dentistry: Alloys, uses and performance","volume":"36","author":"Knosp","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gold Bull."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"9","article-title":"A Review of Zirconia as a Dental Restorative Material","volume":"6","author":"Muchtar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aust. J. Basic. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2012.11.014","article-title":"Biocompatibility of Ti-Alloys for Long-Term Implantation","volume":"20","author":"Niinomi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.3390\/ma7020769","article-title":"Biocompatibility of Coronary Stents","volume":"7","author":"Jeewandara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.018","article-title":"2020 ACC\/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"77","author":"Otto","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2023, July 22). Heart Valve Disease\u2014What Does That Mean?. Available online: https:\/\/drtejaspatel.com\/heart-valve-disease-diagnosis-treatment\/."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.2478\/adms-2014-0010","article-title":"Biomaterials and Implants in Cardiac and Vascular Surgery\u2014Review","volume":"14","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2023, July 23). Heart Valve Repair and Replacement|Thoracic Key. Available online: https:\/\/thoracickey.com\/heart-valve-repair-and-replacement\/."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.4274\/tjo.10437","article-title":"Biocompatibility of Intraocular Lenses","volume":"47","author":"Karel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Turk. Oftalmoloiji Derg."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2023, February 13). Explained: Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic | MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Available online: https:\/\/news.mit.edu\/2013\/hydrophobic-and-hydrophilic-explained-0716."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2022, December 26). Corrosionpedia What Is a Creep Strength?\u2014Definition from Corrosionpedia. Available online: https:\/\/www.corrosionpedia.com\/definition\/6260\/creep-strength."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2003.12.002","article-title":"Biomaterials in Total Joint Replacement","volume":"39","author":"Katti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.14245\/ns.1938296.148","article-title":"Biomaterials in Spinal Implants: A Review","volume":"17","author":"Warburton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurospine"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2007.03.003","article-title":"Biocompatibility of Dental Materials","volume":"51","author":"John","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dent. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"13","article-title":"The Biocompatibility of Various Dental Materials","volume":"13","author":"Noble","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. J. Lander Coll. Arts Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Park, J.B., and Lakes, R.S. (2007). Biomaterials: An Introduction, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Park, J.B. (2012). Biomaterials Science and Engineering, InTech."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s13191-013-0252-z","article-title":"Osseointegration: An Update","volume":"13","author":"Parithimarkalaignan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Indian. Prosthodont. Soc."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2023, March 31). What Is an Endosseous Implant|ICOI. Available online: https:\/\/www.icoi.org\/glossary\/endosseous-implant\/."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.3390\/ma5081348","article-title":"A Review of Titanium Zirconium (TiZr) Alloys for Use in Endosseous Dental Implants","volume":"5","author":"Grandin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2023, July 07). Dental Implants Periodontist Explains: Types of Dental Implants. Available online: https:\/\/appledentalimplantcentre.com\/types-of-dental-implants\/."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dentre.2022.100054","article-title":"Decision Making with Zygomatic and Pterygoid Dental Implants in the Severely Atrophic Maxilla: A Narrative Review","volume":"2","author":"Aalam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dent. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy, M., Corti, A., Dominici, S., Pompella, A., Cerea, M., Chelucci, E., Dorocka-Bobkowska, B., and Daniele, S. (2023). Biocompatibility of Subperiosteal Dental Implants: Effects of Differently Treated Titanium Surfaces on the Expression of ECM-Related Genes in Gingival Fibroblasts. J. Funct. Biomater., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb14020059"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-1626.2012.00140.x","article-title":"Biocompatibility of Various Dental Materials in Contemporary Dentistry: A Narrative Insight","volume":"4","author":"Mallineni","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Investig. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-6580.97191","article-title":"The Dental Amalgam Toxicity Fear: A Myth or Actuality","volume":"19","author":"Rathore","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Int."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2023, October 13). Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. \u201calloy\u201d. Encyclopedia Britannica, 20 July 2023. Available online: https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/technology\/alloy."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1002\/maco.201307294","article-title":"The Estimation of Corrosion Behavior of New TiNbTaZr Alloys for Biomedical Applications","volume":"65","author":"Mareci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Corros."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.37358\/RC.19.4.7114","article-title":"Biocompatible Titanium Alloys Used in Medical Applications","volume":"70","author":"Baltatu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Chim."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sing, S.L. (2022). Perspectives on Additive Manufacturing Enabled Beta-Titanium Alloys for Biomedical Applications. Int. J. Bioprint, 8.","DOI":"10.18063\/ijb.v8i1.478"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-055294-1.00245-2","article-title":"Suture Material: Conventional and Stimuli Responsive","volume":"6","author":"Dart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compr. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-019-00170-y","article-title":"Biodegradable Magnesium Alloys as Temporary Orthopaedic Implants: A Review","volume":"32","author":"Fleck","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMetals"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1039\/C0SC00203H","article-title":"Biocompatibility and Drug Delivery Systems","volume":"1","author":"Kohane","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, W., and Chu, P.K. (2017). Orthopedic Implants. Encycl. Biomed. Eng., 425\u2013439.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-801238-3.10999-7"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"6","article-title":"Orthopedic Implants and Devices for Bone Fractures and Defects: Past, Present and Perspective","volume":"1","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eng. Regen."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del Bakhshayesh, A.R., Asadi, N., Alihemmati, A., Tayefi Nasrabadi, H., Montaseri, A., Davaran, S., Saghati, S., Akbarzadeh, A., and Abedelahi, A. (2019). An Overview of Advanced Biocompatible and Biomimetic Materials for Creation of Replacement Structures in the Musculoskeletal Systems: Focusing on Cartilage Tissue Engineering. J. Biol. Eng., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13036-019-0209-9"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-008-0745-3","article-title":"Scaffolding in Tissue Engineering: General Approaches and Tissue-Specific Considerations","volume":"17","author":"Chan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2017.05.006","article-title":"Biocompatibility of Hydrogel-Based Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications","volume":"35","author":"Naahidi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gad, S.C., and Gad-Mcdonald, S. (2015). Biomaterials, Medical Devices, and Combination Products Biocompatibility Testing and Safety Assessment, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b19086"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(2022, December 26). Learn About the Types of Biocompatibility Tests\u2014Pacific BioLabs. Available online: https:\/\/pacificbiolabs.com\/types-of-biocompatibility-tests\/."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"(2022, December 26). In Vivo vs. In Vitro: Definition, Examples, and More. Available online: https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/in-vivo-vs-in-vitro#definitions."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"(2023, April 01). Physical and Chemical Characterization of Medical Devices|Element. Available online: https:\/\/www.element.com\/nucleus\/2020\/physical-and-chemical-characterization-of-medical-devices."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"(2012). Mechanical Testing of Biomaterials and Tissues, CBSET Inc.. Available online: https:\/\/cbset.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/CBSETMechanicalTestingFlyer.pdf."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"(2023, April 01). Mechanical Testing: Different Types of Testing for Mechanical Properties. Available online: https:\/\/www.rapiddirect.com\/blog\/what-is-mechanical-testing\/."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"(2023, April 17). The More You Know, the More You Save: A Smart Approach to Chemical Characterization. Available online: https:\/\/cdnmedia.eurofins.com\/european-west\/media\/1925429\/9417-mdt-smart-approach-to-chemical-characterization_web.pdf."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"(2023, April 17). Biocompatibility Chemical Characterization\u2014Pacific BioLabs. Available online: https:\/\/pacificbiolabs.com\/biocompatibility-chemical-charaterization."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"(2023, May 06). Characterization and Analytical Techniques\u2014Latest Research and News|Nature. Available online: https:\/\/www.nature.com\/subjects\/characterization-and-analytical-techniques."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"(2023, May 02). Introduction to Biocompatibility Testing\u2014Pacific BioLabs. Available online: https:\/\/pacificbiolabs.com\/biocompatibility-testing."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"(2023, April 01). Biocompatibility Test Methods\u2014Pacific BioLabs. Available online: https:\/\/pacificbiolabs.com\/biocompatibility-test-methods."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"(2023, May 06). Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices-Copyright Protected Document. 2009. fda.org, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/regulatory-information\/search-fda-guidance-documents\/use-international-standard-iso-10993-1-biological-evaluation-medical-devices-part-1-evaluation-and."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"(2023, March 11). T\u00dcV S\u00dcD Your Challenges. Available online: https:\/\/www.tuvsud.com\/en\/industries\/healthcare-and-medical-devices\/medical-devices-and-ivd\/medical-device-testing\/chemical-or-biological-testing-of-medical-devices\/biocompatibility-testing."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"(2023, May 04). Administration of Drugs and Experimental Compounds in Mice and Rats|Research Support. Available online: https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/researchsupport\/compliance\/animal-care\/working-with-animals\/procedures\/administration-of-drugs-and-experimental-compounds-in-mice-and-rats\/."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"363","article-title":"Biocompatibility","volume":"Volume 9","author":"Anderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Polymer Science: A Comprehensive Reference"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"(2023, May 06). A Practical Guide to ISO 10993-4: Hemocompatibility. Available online: https:\/\/www.mddionline.com\/news\/practical-guide-iso-10993-4-hemocompatibility."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"(2023, May 06). Carcinogenicity. Available online: https:\/\/joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu\/eu-reference-laboratory-alternatives-animal-testing-eurl-ecvam\/alternative-methods-toxicity-testing\/validated-test-methods-health-effects\/carcinogenicity_en."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"(2023, March 11). Biocompatibility Testing for Medical Devices|T\u00dcV S\u00dcD. Available online: https:\/\/www.tuvsud.com\/en\/industries\/healthcare-and-medical-devices\/medical-devices-and-ivd\/medical-device-testing\/chemical-or-biological-testing-of-medical-devices\/biocompatibility-testing."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"(2023, April 01). Biocompatibility Evaluation Endpoints by Device Category|FDA, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/medical-devices\/biocompatibility-assessment-resource-center\/biocompatibility-evaluation-endpoints-device-category#implant-tissuebone."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"(2023, April 01). GLP and Device Studies\u2014Pacific BioLabs. Available online: https:\/\/pacificbiolabs.com\/glp-medical-device."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/21\/6881\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:12:23Z","timestamp":1760130743000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/21\/6881"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ma16216881"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma16216881","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]}}}