{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T04:21:02Z","timestamp":1784694062769,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,11]],"date-time":"2023-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006141","name":"Military University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UGB 22-830\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UGB 22-830\/2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this investigation, an AA2519-T62 FSW butt joint was subjected to shot peening with an air pressure of p = 0.6 MPa, a processing time of t = 10 min (per side), and a steel ball diameter of dk = 1.5 mm. In order to evaluate the impact of shot peening on the low-cycle behavior, the samples were tested with coefficient R = 0.1 at total strain amplitudes of 0.35%, 0.4%, and 0.5%. The shot-peened welds are characterized by a higher value of stress amplitude, a lower value of plastic strain amplitude, and their fatigue life increased slightly. The cyclic strength coefficient and the cyclic strain hardening exponent were reduced by 45% and 55%, respectively, as the result of the surface layer hardening. The shot peening process had no noticeable effect on the character of crack initiation and propagation. Almost in all cases, the cracking started in the area under the weld face, located close to the boundary between the thermo-mechanically affected zone and the stir zone at the advancing side. Only at the heaviest loadings (\u03b5ac = 0.5%) were cracks initiated in the heat-affected zone at the retreating side. Despite the introduction of small cracks in the stir zone, their presence did not affect the decohesion character of the welded joint. Overall, it was observed that there is a minimal, positive impact of shot peening on the properties of the investigated joints.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16227131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T02:46:47Z","timestamp":1699843607000},"page":"7131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effect of Shot Peening on the Low-Cycle Fatigue Behavior of an AA2519-T62 Friction-Stir-Welded Butt Joint"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6663-0529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Kosturek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Military University of Technology, 2 Gen. S. Kaliskiego Str., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4859-981X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"\u015al\u0119zak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Military University of Technology, 2 Gen. S. Kaliskiego Str., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6475-9997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janusz","family":"Torzewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Military University of Technology, 2 Gen. S. Kaliskiego Str., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1081-5065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Bucior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Manufacturing Processes and Production Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, 8 Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Warszawy Str., 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W\u0142adys\u0142aw","family":"Zielecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Manufacturing Processes and Production Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, 8 Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Warszawy Str., 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1157-0565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucjan","family":"\u015anie\u017cek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Military University of Technology, 2 Gen. S. Kaliskiego Str., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"S\u0119p","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Manufacturing Processes and Production Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, 8 Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Warszawy Str., 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-014-5988-z","article-title":"Low-Cycle Fatigue of a Friction Stir Welded 2219-T62 Aluminum Alloy at Different Welding Parameters and Cooling Conditions","volume":"74","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2022.106756","article-title":"The Influence of Tool Rotation Speed on the Low-Cycle Fatigue Behavior of AA2519-T62 Friction Stir Welded Butt Joints","volume":"142","author":"Kosturek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Gao, J., and Li, Q. (2018). Fatigue of Friction Stir Welded Aluminum Alloy Joints: A Review. Appl. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/app8122626"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1016\/S1003-6326(09)60309-5","article-title":"Mechanical Properties of Underwater Friction Stir Welded 2219 Aluminum Alloy","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s40712-016-0058-y","article-title":"The Effect of Pin Profiles on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Underwater Friction Stir Welded AA2519-T87 Aluminium Alloy","volume":"11","author":"Sabari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bocchi, S., D\u2019Urso, G., Giardini, C., and Maccarini, G. (2019). Effects of Cooling Conditions on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Butt Joints of Different Aluminum Alloys. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9235069"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2010.09.032","article-title":"Effect of Welding Speed on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Underwater Friction Stir Welded 2219 Aluminum Alloy","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2017.11.250","article-title":"Influence of Cryogenic Cooling (Liquid Nitrogen) on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded 2014-T6 Aluminum Alloy","volume":"5","author":"Aruri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1007\/s12666-022-02552-2","article-title":"New Trends in Friction Stir Processing: Rapid Cooling\u2014A Review","volume":"75","author":"Iwaszko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trans. Indian Inst. Met."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.12913\/22998624\/111662","article-title":"Analysis of the Possibilities of Improving the Selected Properties Surface Layer of Butt Joints Made Using the FSW Method","volume":"14","author":"Bucior","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. Technol. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2006.10.032","article-title":"The Effect of Controlled Shot Peening on the Fatigue Behaviour of 2024-T3 Aluminium Friction Stir Welds","volume":"29","author":"Ali","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-009-9439-1","article-title":"Fatigue Crack Growth of Peened Friction Stir-Welded 7075 Aluminum Alloy under Different Load Ratios","volume":"19","author":"Hatamleh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kosturek, R., \u015anie\u017cek, L., Wachowski, M., and Torzewski, J. (2019). The Influence of Post-Weld Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Fatigue Properties of Sc-Modified AA2519 Friction Stir-Welded Joint. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12040583"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2021.140901","article-title":"Avoiding Abnormal Grain Growth in Thick 7XXX Aluminium Alloy Friction Stir Welds during T6 Post Heat Treatments","volume":"807","author":"Lezaack","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.12913\/22998624\/156943","article-title":"The Effect of Brushing on Residual Stress and Surface Roughness of EN AW-2024-T3 Aluminum Alloy Joints Welded Using the FSW Method","volume":"17","author":"Bucior","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. Technol. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jambor, M., Tr\u0161ko, L., Klus\u00e1k, J., Fintov\u00e1, S., Kaj\u00e1nek, D., Nov\u00fd, F., and Bok\u016fvka, O. (2020). Effect of Severe Shot Peening on the Very-High Cycle Notch Fatigue of an AW 7075 Alloy. Metals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/met10091262"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malopheyev, S., Vysotskiy, I., Zhemchuzhnikova, D., Mironov, S., and Kaibyshev, R. (2020). On the Fatigue Performance of Friction-Stir Welded Aluminum Alloys. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13194246"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2017.06.033","article-title":"Role of Ultrasonic Shot Peening on Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 7075 Aluminium Alloy","volume":"103","author":"Pandey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2020.100706","article-title":"Recent progress on control strategies for inherent issues in friction stir welding","volume":"115","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8433","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-022-06822-4","article-title":"Influence of Tool Probe Profiles on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Underwater Friction Stir Welded AA5083 material","volume":"31","author":"Saravanakumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10175","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-023-07836-2","article-title":"Underwater Friction Stir Welded Armour Grade AA5083 Aluminum Alloys: Experimental Ballistic Performance and Corrosion Investigation","volume":"32","author":"Saravanakumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"25","article-title":"Study on Tensile and Fatigue Failure in the Low-Hardness Zone of AA2519-T62 FSW Joint","volume":"9","author":"Kosturek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Manuf. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2017). Metallic Materials\u2014Fatigue Testing\u2014Axial-Strain-Controlled Method (Standard No. ISO 12106:2017)."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2711","DOI":"10.1007\/s12206-012-0738-3","article-title":"Impact of Surface Hardening Treatment Generated by Shot Peening on the Fatigue Life of Brass Alloy","volume":"26","author":"Baklouti","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mech. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marohni\u0107, T., Basan, R., and Franulovi\u0107, M. (2017). Evaluation of Methods for Estimation of Cyclic Stress-Strain Parameters from Monotonic Properties of Steels. Metals, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/met7010017"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tr\u0161ko, L., Fintov\u00e1, S., Nov\u00fd, F., Bok\u016fvka, O., Jambor, M., Pastorek, F., Florkov\u00e1, Z., and Oravcov\u00e1, M. (2018). Study of Relation between Shot Peening Parameters and Fatigue Fracture Surface Character of an AW 7075 Aluminium Alloy. Metals, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/met8020111"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2020.105556","article-title":"Microstructure, mechanical properties and fatigue crack growth behavior of friction stir welded joint of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy","volume":"135","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/22\/7131\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:21:32Z","timestamp":1760131292000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/22\/7131"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,11]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ma16227131"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma16227131","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,11]]}}}