{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T03:07:33Z","timestamp":1790996853430,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program","award":["953121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["953121"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteochondral (OC) disorders such as osteoarthritis (OA) damage joint cartilage and subchondral bone tissue. To understand the disease, facilitate drug screening, and advance therapeutic development, in vitro models of OC tissue are essential. This study aims to create a bioprinted OC miniature construct that replicates the cartilage and bone compartments. For this purpose, two hydrogels were selected: one composed of gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) blended with nanosized hydroxyapatite (nHAp) and the other consisting of tyramine-modified hyaluronic acid (THA) to mimic bone and cartilage tissue, respectively. We characterized these hydrogels using rheological testing and assessed their cytotoxicity with live-dead assays. Subsequently, human osteoblasts (hOBs) were encapsulated in GelMA-nHAp, while micropellet chondrocytes were incorporated into THA hydrogels for bioprinting the osteochondral construct. After one week of culture, successful OC tissue generation was confirmed through RT-PCR and histology. Notably, GelMA\/nHAp hydrogels exhibited a significantly higher storage modulus (G\u2032) compared to GelMA alone. Rheological temperature sweeps and printing tests determined an optimal printing temperature of 20 \u00b0C, which remained unaffected by the addition of nHAp. Cell encapsulation did not alter the storage modulus, as demonstrated by amplitude sweep tests, in either GelMA\/nHAp or THA hydrogels. Cell viability assays using Ca-AM and EthD-1 staining revealed high cell viability in both GelMA\/nHAp and THA hydrogels. Furthermore, RT-PCR and histological analysis confirmed the maintenance of osteogenic and chondrogenic properties in GelMA\/nHAp and THA hydrogels, respectively. In conclusion, we have developed GelMA-nHAp and THA hydrogels to simulate bone and cartilage components, optimized 3D printing parameters, and ensured cell viability for bioprinting OC constructs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16227214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T15:30:53Z","timestamp":1700235053000},"page":"7214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Cell-Laden 3D Printed GelMA\/HAp and THA Hydrogel Bioinks: Development of Osteochondral Tissue-like Bioinks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Shahrbanoo","family":"Jahangir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AO Research Institute Davos, 7270 Davos, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Vecstaudza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Pulka 3, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence Headquarters, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Augurio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AO Research Institute Davos, 7270 Davos, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6987-6794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Canciani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale UPO, Corso Trieste 15\/A, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liga","family":"Stipniece","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Pulka 3, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence Headquarters, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3162-7431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janis","family":"Locs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Pulka 3, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence Headquarters, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Alini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AO Research Institute Davos, 7270 Davos, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5055-5117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiziano","family":"Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AO Research Institute Davos, 7270 Davos, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2006697","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202006697","article-title":"3D Printing Hydrogel Scaffolds with Nanohydroxyapatite Gradient to Effectively Repair Osteochondral Defects in Rats","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. 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