{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T20:52:04Z","timestamp":1791838324300,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EXC 2008-390540038-UniSysCat"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXC 2008-390540038-UniSysCat"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The promising direct dimethyl ether (DME) production through CO2 hydrogenation was systematically analyzed in this research by synthesizing, characterizing, and testing several catalytic structures. In doing so, various combinations of precipitation and impregnation of copper- and zinc-oxides (CuO\u2013ZnO) over a ZSM-5 zeolite structure were applied to synthesize the hybrid catalysts capable of hydrogenating carbon dioxide to methanol and dehydrating it to DME. The resulting catalytic structures, including the co-precipitated, sequentially precipitated, and sequentially impregnated CuO\u2013ZnO\/ZSM-5 catalysts, were prepared in the form of particle and electrospun fibers with distinguished chemical and structural features. They were then characterized using XRD, BET, XPS, ICP, TGA, SEM, and FIB-SEM\/EDS analyses. Their catalytic performances were also tested and analyzed in light of their observed characteristics. It was observed that it is crucial to establish relatively small-size and well-distributed zeolite crystals across a hybrid catalytic structure to secure a distinguished DME selectivity and yield. This approach, along with other observed behaviors and the involved phenomena like catalyst particles and fibers, clusters of catalyst particles, or the whole catalytic bed, were analyzed and explained. In particular, the desired characteristics of a CuO\u2013ZnO\/ZSM-5 hybrid catalyst, synthesized in a single-pot processing of the precursors of all involved catalytically active elements, were found to be promising in guiding the future efforts in tailoring an efficient catalyst for this system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16237255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T12:12:13Z","timestamp":1700568733000},"page":"7255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide to Dimethyl Ether on CuO\u2013ZnO\/ZSM-5 Catalysts: Comparison of Powder and Electrospun Structures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6350-0414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aidin","family":"Nejadsalim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Faculty III\u2014Process Sciences, Institute of Material Science and Technology, Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Stra\u00dfe des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid Reza","family":"Godini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inorganic Membranes and Membrane Reactors, Sustainable Process Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Ramesh Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inorganic Membranes and Membrane Reactors, Sustainable Process Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6379-773X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fausto","family":"Gallucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inorganic Membranes and Membrane Reactors, Sustainable Process Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0040-0931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delf","family":"Kober","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Faculty III\u2014Process Sciences, Institute of Material Science and Technology, Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Stra\u00dfe des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7047-666X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksander","family":"Gurlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Faculty III\u2014Process Sciences, Institute of Material Science and Technology, Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Stra\u00dfe des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7978-2484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver","family":"G\u00f6rke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Faculty III\u2014Process Sciences, Institute of Material Science and Technology, Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Stra\u00dfe des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ralf Diemer, e.A. (2022, January 15\u201317). Role of eFuelsin Europe\u2019s sustainable future. Proceedings of the 9th International DME Conference, D\u00fcbendorf, Switzerland."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"SHV Energy (2023, November 13). New Joint Venture: Advanced Thermal Conversion Technology for Renewable DME. Available online: https:\/\/www.shvenergy.com\/news-stories\/20210603-new-joint-venture-circular-fuels."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Cocchi, S. (2022, January 15\u201317). Waste to rDME projects. 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