{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T14:40:36Z","timestamp":1792507236650,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,25]],"date-time":"2023-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"P.O.N Research and Innovation program of MUR","award":["ARS01_00519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ARS01_00519"]}]},{"name":"P.O.N Research and Innovation program of MUR","award":["PAR-FSC call 2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAR-FSC call 2021"]}]},{"name":"P.O.N Research and Innovation program of MUR","award":["D.D. 21607\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D.D. 21607\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Regione Toscana","award":["ARS01_00519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ARS01_00519"]}]},{"name":"Regione Toscana","award":["PAR-FSC call 2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAR-FSC call 2021"]}]},{"name":"Regione Toscana","award":["D.D. 21607\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D.D. 21607\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA) and the Ministry of Environment and Energy Safety","award":["ARS01_00519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ARS01_00519"]}]},{"name":"Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA) and the Ministry of Environment and Energy Safety","award":["PAR-FSC call 2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAR-FSC call 2021"]}]},{"name":"Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA) and the Ministry of Environment and Energy Safety","award":["D.D. 21607\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D.D. 21607\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Among the emerging photovoltaic (PV) technologies, Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) appear especially interesting in view of their potential for unconventional PV applications. In particular, DSSCs have been proven to provide excellent performances under indoor illumination, opening the way to their use in the field of low-power devices, such as wearable electronics and wireless sensor networks, including those relevant for application to the rapidly growing Internet of Things technology. Considering the low intensity of indoor light sources, efficient light capture constitutes a pivotal factor in optimizing cell efficiency. Consequently, the development of novel dyes exhibiting intense absorption within the visible range and light-harvesting properties well-matched with the emission spectra of the various light sources becomes indispensable. In this review, we will discuss the current state-of-the-art in the design, synthesis, and application of organic dyes as sensitizers for indoor DSSCs, focusing on the most recent results. We will start by examining the various classes of individual dyes reported to date for this application, organized by their structural features, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses. On the basis of this discussion, we will then draft some potential guidelines in an effort to help the design of this kind of sensitizer. Subsequently, we will describe some alternative approaches investigated to improve the light-harvesting properties of the cells, such as the co-sensitization strategy and the use of concerted companion dyes. Finally, the issue of measurement standardization will be introduced, and some considerations regarding the proper characterization methods of indoor PV systems and their differences compared to (simulated) outdoor conditions will be provided.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16237338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T03:48:17Z","timestamp":1701056897000},"page":"7338","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Recent Advances in Organic Dyes for Application in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells under Indoor Lighting Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8984-5795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"D\u2019Amico","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bas","family":"de Jong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy"},{"name":"Cicci Research S.R.L., Via Giordania 227, 58100 Grosseto, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0776-7063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Bartolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2811-247X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Franchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2813-2369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Dess\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0621-2648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Zani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7340-2516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xheila","family":"Yzeiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9490-9749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuela","family":"Gatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6976-9086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annalisa","family":"Santucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6828-2380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aldo","family":"Di Carlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy (C.H.O.S.E.), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Istituto di Struttura della Materia (CNR-ISM), via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianna","family":"Reginato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry of 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