{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:15:35Z","timestamp":1790036135713,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52074140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52074140"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carbon segregation is the major and classical internal defect in the continuous casting process of carbon steel. Based on the combined electromagnetic stirring equipment for new billet in a steel plant, China, the influence of combined electromagnetic stirring (M-EMS + F-EMS) on the carbon segregation of 300 mm \u00d7 340 mm special-shaped billet was studied via numerical simulation and on-site industrialization tests. The Lorentz force and carbon solute distribution were simulated under different EMS parameters. The formation mechanism of the carbon segregation of medium carbon steel with different combined electromagnetic stirring processes was analyzed. The results show that: (1) with the combined action of \u201csolute flushing\u201d effect and gravity, the carbon concentration in the loose side of the medium carbon steel casting billet is gradually lower than the fixed side, while the carbon concentration on the fixed side gradually accumulates more; and (2) under the action of combined electromagnetic stirring, the segregation index of casting billet could be controlled to remain between 0.96\u20131.05 and shows an increasing change in solidification from the skin to the center. When the current and frequency of M-EMS are 250 A and 2.0 Hz and the F-EMS are 180 A and 8.0 Hz, the carbon segregation defects in the special-shaped (300 mm \u00d7 340 mm) casting billet can be significantly improved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16237464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T09:39:12Z","timestamp":1701337152000},"page":"7464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Numerical and Experimental Study on Carbon Segregation in Shaped Billet of Medium Carbon Steel with Combined Electromagnetic Stirring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Pengchao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China"},{"name":"Linyi Iron and Steel Investment Group Special Steel Co., Ltd., Linyi 276000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guifang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Clean Metallurgy for Complex Iron Resources in Colleges and Universities of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenhua","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, P., Xiao, H., Zhang, Z., Li, S., and Zhang, J. (2022). Behavior of Mold Electromagnetic Stirring for Round Bloom Castings and Its Eccentric Stirring Problem. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15248814"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.2355\/isijinternational.47.1759","article-title":"Morphology and Segregation in Continuously Cast High Carbon Steel Billets","volume":"47","author":"Choudhary","year":"2007","journal-title":"ISIJ Int."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1007\/s42243-021-00682-3","article-title":"Numerical simulation of macrosegregation in billet continuous casting influenced by electromagnetic stirring","volume":"29","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Iron Steel Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1007\/s11663-013-9986-6","article-title":"Study on the Macrosegregation Behavior for the Bloom Continuous Casting: Model Development and Validation","volume":"45","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. B"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1007\/s42243-021-00685-0","article-title":"Effect of vertical electromagnetic stirring on solute distribution in billet continuous casting process","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Iron Steel Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2698","DOI":"10.1007\/s11837-021-04796-7","article-title":"Effect of Final Electromagnetic Stirring on Flow, Solidification, and Solute Transport in Continuous Casting Bloom","volume":"73","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"JOM"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"64","article-title":"Effect of Crystallizer Electromagnetic Stirring on Solidification Organization and Segregation of Round Billets Q355NE \u03a6800 mm","volume":"44","author":"Weiji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Spec. Steel"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1002\/htj.22335","article-title":"Numerical investigation into flow and solidification behavior of billet continuous casting with and without mold electromagnetic stirring","volume":"51","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heat Transf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/S1005-8850(06)60100-X","article-title":"Improvement of center segregation in high-carbon steel billets using soft reduction","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Univ. Sci. Technol. Beijing"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1515\/htmp-2015-0026","article-title":"Numerical Simulation on Optimization of Center Segregation for 50CrMo Structural Alloy Steel","volume":"35","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"High Temp. Mater. Process."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s42243-021-00577-3","article-title":"Effect of nozzle type on fluid flow, solidification, and solute transport in mold with mold electromagnetic stirring","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Iron Steel Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S1006-706X(14)60120-5","article-title":"Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study of F-EMS for Continuously Cast Billet of High Carbon Steel","volume":"21","author":"Luo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Iron Steel Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1007\/s11663-018-1287-7","article-title":"On the Alternate Stirring Mode of F-EMS for Bloom Continuous Castings","volume":"49","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. B"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1007\/s11663-016-0864-x","article-title":"Center Segregation with Final Electromagnetic Stirring in Billet Continuous Casting Process","volume":"48","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. B"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1179\/030192307X239533","article-title":"Effect of special combined electromagnetic stirring mode on macrosegregation of high strength spring steel blooms","volume":"35","author":"Du","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ironmak. Steelmak."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2006.03.061","article-title":"Effect of complex electromagnetic stirring on inner quality of high carbon steel bloom","volume":"425","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.2355\/isijinternational1966.24.931","article-title":"Improvement of macrosegregation in continuously cast bloom and billet by electromagnetic stirring","volume":"24","author":"Ayata","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trans. Iron Steel Inst. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3390\/met7060209","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Numerical Modeling of Macrosegregation in Continuously Cast Billets","volume":"7","author":"Qipeng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metals"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1051\/metal\/2018031","article-title":"Effect of subsurface negative segregation induced by M-EMS on componential homogeneity for bloom continuous casting","volume":"115","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metall. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.05.081","article-title":"Numerical study on the characteristics of solute distribution and the formation of centerline segregation in continuous casting (CC) slab","volume":"126","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-013-2060-9","article-title":"Modeling the effects of strand surface bulging and mechanical soft reduction on the macrosegregation formation in steel continuous casting","volume":"45","author":"Domitner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. A"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000661","DOI":"10.1002\/srin.202000661","article-title":"Effect of Mold Electromagnetic Stirring and Final Electromagnetic Stirring on the Solidification Structure and Macrosegregation in Bloom Continuous Casting","volume":"92","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Steel Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1007\/s11663-020-01827-7","article-title":"Modeling the Effect of Combined Electromagnetic Stirring Modes on Macrosegregation in Continuous Casting Blooms","volume":"51","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. B"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S.X., Xiao, H., Wang, P., Liu, H.S., and Zhang, J.Q. (2019). Analysis on Electromagnetic Field of Continuous Casting Mold Including a New Integral Method for Calculating Electromagnetic Torque. Metals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/met9090946"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"18","article-title":"Determination of Electromagnetic stirring Parameters at solidified End and its Effect on Center Segregation","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Iron Steel"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-7825(74)90029-2","article-title":"The numerical computation of turbulent flows","volume":"3","author":"Launder","year":"1990","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.2355\/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2016-659","article-title":"Numerical Modeling of Macrosegregation in Round Billet with Different Microsegregation Models","volume":"57","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISIJ Int."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Wang, Y.D. (2021). Study on the Effect of Electromagnetic Stirring on the Macrosegregation of Steel Continuous Casting Blooms. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Science and Technology Beijing]."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"582","article-title":"Effect of Nb on deformation enhanced ferrite transformation in low carbon steel","volume":"29","author":"Guo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Univ. Sci. Technol. Beijing"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/23\/7464\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:35:08Z","timestamp":1760132108000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/23\/7464"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ma16237464"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma16237464","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]}}}