{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T12:09:21Z","timestamp":1773144561642,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]],"date-time":"2023-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education and Science","award":["MEiN\/2021\/DPI\/179"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MEiN\/2021\/DPI\/179"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education and Science","award":["WI\/WM-IIB\/2\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WI\/WM-IIB\/2\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Bialystok University of Technology","award":["MEiN\/2021\/DPI\/179"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MEiN\/2021\/DPI\/179"]}]},{"name":"Bialystok University of Technology","award":["WI\/WM-IIB\/2\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WI\/WM-IIB\/2\/2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the present study, the bioactivity, cytotoxicity, and tribological properties of a nickel-free austenitic stainless steel produced via the mechanical alloying of elemental iron, chromium, and manganese nitride powders following by hot isostatic pressing was investigated. Powders after 90 h of mechanical alloying were consolidated via hot isostatic pressing at 1150 \u00b0C (1425 K) and heat treated at 1175 \u00b0C (1448 K) for 1 h in a vacuum with furnace cooling. Tribological tests were performed to determine the resistance of the as-received nickel-free steel. It was noticed that applying heat treatment after hot isostatic pressing decreases the average friction coefficient and wear rate of the austenitic steel. An immersion test in a simulated body fluid for 28 days at 37 \u00b1 1 \u00b0C has been used to determine the biocompatibility of the tested material. The SEM-EDS analysis allowed us to characterise the morphology of the films and the elements of the steel on the thin-film layer. Elements typical of apatite (calcium and phosphorus) were detected on the surface of the sample. Cellular toxicity tests showed no significant toxic side effects for Saos-2 human osteosarcoma cells and the number of Saos-2 human osteosarcoma cells on the nickel-free steel was greater than on the 316LV grade steel.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16247637","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]],"date-time":"2023-12-14T03:58:02Z","timestamp":1702526282000},"page":"7637","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Bioactivity, Cytotoxicity, and Tribological Studies of Nickel-Free Austenitic Stainless Steel Obtained via Powder Metallurgy Route"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5228-4920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliza","family":"Romanczuk-Ruszuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45C, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6007-7091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Krawczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wo\u0142oska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0373-4803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"\u0141ukaszewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45C, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8845-0764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerzy","family":"J\u00f3zwik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arkadiusz","family":"Tofil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technical Sciences and Aviation, University College of Applied Sciences in Che\u0142m, Pocztowa 54, 22-100 Che\u0142m, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8719-157X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zbigniew","family":"Oksiuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45C, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014105","DOI":"10.1088\/1468-6996\/11\/1\/014105","article-title":"Nickel-free austenitic stainless steels for medical applications","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. 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