{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T03:02:05Z","timestamp":1791946925116,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Project of Science and Technology Program of Xiamen Medical College","award":["K2022-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K2022-06"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Project of Science and Technology Program of Xiamen Medical College","award":["3502Z20214ZD1317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3502Z20214ZD1317"]}]},{"name":"Xiamen Medical and Health Guidance Project in 2021","award":["K2022-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K2022-06"]}]},{"name":"Xiamen Medical and Health Guidance Project in 2021","award":["3502Z20214ZD1317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3502Z20214ZD1317"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to investigate the low-temperature degradation (LTD) kinetics of tetragonal zirconia with 3 mol% yttria (3Y-TZP) dental ceramic using two degradation methods: hydrothermal degradation and immersed degradation. To study transformation kinetics, we prepared 3Y-TZP powders. We pressed these powders uniaxially into a stainless mold at 100 MPa. We then sintered the compacted bodies at intervals of 50 \u00b0C between 1300 \u00b0C and 1550 \u00b0C and immersed the specimens at various temperatures from 60 \u00b0C to 80 \u00b0C in 4% acetic acid or from 110 \u00b0C to 140 \u00b0C for the hydrothermal method. We used a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to confirm crystalline grain size and used X-ray diffraction to analyze the zirconia phase. As the sintering temperature increased, the calculated crystalline grain size also increased. We confirmed this change with the SEM image. The higher sintering temperatures were associated with more phase transformation. According to the Mehl\u2013Avrami\u2013Johnson equation, the activation energies achieved using the hydrothermal method were 101 kJ\/mol, 95 kJ\/mol, and 86 kJ\/mol at sintering temperatures of 1450 \u00b0C, 1500 \u00b0C, and 1550 \u00b0C, respectively. In addition, the activation energies of the specimens immersed in 4% acetic acid were 60 kJ\/mol, 55 kJ\/mol, 48 kJ\/mol, and 35 kJ\/mol, with sintered temperatures of 1400 \u00b0C, 1450 \u00b0C, 1500 \u00b0C, and 1550 \u00b0C, respectively. The results showed that a lower sintering temperature would restrain the phase transformation of zirconia because of the smaller crystalline grain size. As a result, the rate of LTD decreased.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16247691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T10:04:47Z","timestamp":1702893887000},"page":"7691","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Evaluation of Feasibility on Dental Zirconia\u2014Accelerated Aging Test by Chemical Immersion Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3411-6186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ju-Mei","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatology of Xiamen Medical College, Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Biomaterials, Fujian Province University, Xiamen 361023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2355-7939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen-Fu","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2643-1680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsueh-Chuan","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Technology and Materials Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung 40601, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Technology, School of Medical Technology, Taizhou Polytechnic College, Taizhou 225300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shih-Ching","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Technology and Materials Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung 40601, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2019.07.020","article-title":"Impact of different pretreatments and aging procedures on the flexural strength and phase structure of zirconia ceramics","volume":"35","author":"Kelch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dent. 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