{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T13:24:26Z","timestamp":1776691466616,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Project FuturLab","award":["PK 2022\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PK 2022\/23"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, significant developments have taken place in scientific fields such as tissue and materials engineering, which allow for the development of new, intelligent biomaterials. An example of such biomaterials is drug delivery systems that release the active substance directly at the site where the therapeutic effect is required. In this research, polymeric materials and ceramic\u2013polymer composites were developed as carriers for the antibiotic clindamycin. The preparation and characterization of biomaterials based on hyaluronic acid, collagen, and nano brushite obtained using the photocrosslinking technique under UV (ultraviolet) light are described. Physical and chemical analyses of the materials obtained were carried out using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and optical microscopy. The sorption capacities were determined and subjected to in vitro incubation in simulated biological environments such as Ringer\u2019s solution, simulated body fluid (SBF), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and distilled water. The antibiotic release rate was also measured. The study confirmed higher swelling capacity for materials with no addition of a ceramic phase, thus it can be concluded that brushite inhibits the penetration of the liquid medium into the interior of the samples, leading to faster absorption of the liquid medium. In addition, incubation tests confirmed preliminary biocompatibility. No drastic changes in pH values were observed, which suggests that the materials are stable under these conditions. The release rate of the antibiotic from the biomaterial into the incubation medium was determined using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The concentration of the antibiotic in the incubation fluid increased steadily following a 14-day incubation in PBS, indicating continuous antibiotic release. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the developed polymeric material demonstrates potential for use as a carrier for the active substance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17010058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T08:53:01Z","timestamp":1703235181000},"page":"58","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Hybrid Polymer\u2013Inorganic Materials with Hyaluronic Acid as Controlled Antibiotic Release Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Kamila","family":"Lis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, 37 Jana Paw\u0142a II Av., 31-864 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Szechy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, 8 Niezapominajek, 30-239 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dominika","family":"Tr\u00e4ger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, 37 Jana Paw\u0142a II Av., 31-864 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Sadlik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, 37 Jana Paw\u0142a II Av., 31-864 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7970-3478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karina","family":"Nizio\u0142ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, 37 Jana Paw\u0142a II Av., 31-864 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8570-3594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dagmara","family":"S\u0142ota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, 37 Jana Paw\u0142a II Av., 31-864 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2003-9052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josef","family":"Jampilek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0005-6146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Sobczak-Kupiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, 37 Jana Paw\u0142a II Av., 31-864 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radulescu, D.E., Neacsu, I.A., Grumezescu, A.M., and Andronescu, E. (2022). Novel Trends into the Development of Natural Hydroxyapatite-Based Polymeric Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14050899"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niemczyk-Soczynska, B., Zaszczy\u0144ska, A., Zabielski, K., and Sajkiewicz, P. (2021). Hydrogel, Electrospun and Composite Materials for Bone\/Cartilage and Neural Tissue Engineering. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14226899"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, B., Jiang, X., Zhou, X., Tan, W., Luo, H., Lei, S., and Yang, Y. (2023). GelMA-based bioactive hydrogel scaffolds with multiple bone defect repair functions: Therapeutic strategies and recent advances. Biomater. Res., 27.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40824-023-00422-6"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20210011","DOI":"10.1002\/EXP.20210011","article-title":"Biomaterials and nanomedicine for bone regeneration: Progress and future prospects","volume":"1","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exploration"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H., Hwangbo, H., Koo, Y.W., and Kim, G. (2020). Fabrication of mechanically reinforced gelatin\/hydroxyapatite bio-composite scaffolds by core\/shell nozzle printing for bone tissue engineering. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093401"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.09.028","article-title":"Bone physiology as inspiration for tissue regenerative therapies","volume":"185","author":"Lopes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"224","article-title":"Bone grafts and biomaterials substitutes for bone defect repair: A review","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2015.03.013","article-title":"Biomaterial strategies for engineering implants for enhanced osseointegration and bone repair","volume":"94","author":"Agarwal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2009.0562","article-title":"Periodontal Tissue Engineering and Regeneration: Current Approaches and Expanding Opportunities","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part B Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2008.0334","article-title":"The Safety of Bone Allografts Used in Dentistry: A Review","volume":"139","author":"Holtzclaw","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Florencio-Silva, R., Sasso, G.R.D.S., Sasso-Cerri, E., Sim\u00f5es, M.J., and Cerri, P.S. (2015). Biology of Bone Tissue: Structure, Function, and Factors That Influence Bone Cells. BioMed Res. Int., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/421746"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.02.053","article-title":"Preparation of bone-implants by coating hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on self-formed titanium dioxide thin-layers on titanium metal surfaces","volume":"63","author":"Wijesinghe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong, J., Kim, J.H., Shim, J.H., Hwang, N.S., and Heo, C.Y. (2019). Bioactive calcium phosphate materials and applications in bone regeneration. Biomater. Res., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40824-018-0149-3"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.35642","article-title":"High-resolution synchrotron X-ray analysis of bioglass-enriched hydrogels","volume":"104","author":"Gorodzha","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res.-Part A"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1002\/term.2654","article-title":"Novel injectable gellan gum hydrogel composites incorporating Zn- and Sr-enriched bioactive glass microparticles: High-resolution X-ray microcomputed tomography, antibacterial and in vitro testing","volume":"12","author":"Douglas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.10.065","article-title":"The induction of bone formation by coral-derived calcium carbonate\/hydroxyapatite constructs","volume":"30","author":"Ripamonti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.110102","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of hydroxyapatite nano-rods from oyster shell with exogenous surfactants","volume":"105","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bas, M., Daglilar, S., Kuskonmaz, N., Kalkandelen, C., Erdemir, G., Kuruca, S.E., Tulyaganov, D., Yoshioka, T., Gunduz, O., and Ficai, D. (2020). Mechanical and biocompatibility properties of calcium phosphate bioceramics derived from salmon fish bone wastes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218082"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.132","article-title":"Injectable eggshell-derived hydroxyapatite-incorporated fibroin-alginate composite hydrogel for bone tissue engineering","volume":"193","author":"Chuysinuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2019.08.003","article-title":"Recent progress in drug delivery","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.169","article-title":"The application of hyaluronic acid in bone regeneration","volume":"151","author":"Zhai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hemshekhar, M., Thushara, R.M., Chandranayaka, S., Sherman, L.S., Kemparaju, K., and Girish, K.S. (2016). Emerging Roles of Hyaluronic Acid Bioscaffolds in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Elsevier B.V.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.02.032"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2014.164","article-title":"Fracture healing: Mechanisms and interventions","volume":"11","author":"Einhorn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.1997.00170.x","article-title":"Hyaluronan: Its nature, distribution, functions and turnover","volume":"242","author":"Fraser","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fallacara, A., Baldini, E., Manfredini, S., and Vertuani, S. (2018). Hyaluronic acid in the third millennium. Polymers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10070701"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cocis.2020.02.001","article-title":"Hydrogel design strategies for drug delivery","volume":"48","author":"Dreiss","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.016","article-title":"Recent advances on biomedical applications of pectin-containing biomaterials","volume":"217","author":"Noruzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.12.019","article-title":"Hyaluronan: A simple polysaccharide with diverse biological functions","volume":"10","author":"Dicker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1391","article-title":"Hyaluronan: From extracellular glue to pericellular cue","volume":"4","author":"Toole","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20110","DOI":"10.1021\/am505723k","article-title":"Cartilaginous extracellular matrix-modified chitosan hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering","volume":"6","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4453","DOI":"10.1021\/cr100123h","article-title":"Biopolymer-based hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering","volume":"111","author":"Balakrishnan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"458","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid association with bacterial, fungal and viral infections: Can hyaluronic acid be used as an antimicrobial polymer for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications?","volume":"19","author":"Zamboni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walimbe, T., and Panitch, A. (2020). Best of both hydrogel worlds: Harnessing bioactivity and tunability by incorporating glycosaminoglycans in collagen hydrogels. Bioengineering, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering7040156"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guill\u00e9n-Carvajal, K., Valdez-Salas, B., Beltr\u00e1n-Partida, E., Salom\u00f3n-Carlos, J., and Cheng, N. (2023). Chitosan, Gelatin, and Collagen Hydrogels for Bone Regeneration. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15132762"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-019-00666-7","article-title":"A collagen-based hydrogel containing tacrolimus for bone tissue engineering","volume":"10","author":"Nabavi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, L., Ren, Y., Emmert, S., Vu\u010dkovi\u0107, I., Stojanovic, S., Najman, S., Schnettler, R., Barbeck, M., Schenke-Layland, K., and Xiong, X. (2023). The Use of Collagen-Based Materials in Bone Tissue Engineering. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043744"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2021.105033","article-title":"Natural biomaterials in brain repair: A focus on collagen","volume":"146","author":"Ucar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"s1","article-title":"Klindamycyna\u2014Kompletna monografia leku","volume":"14","author":"Karpinska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Med. Rodz."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/4.6.1133","article-title":"Clindamycin A Review of Fifteen Years of Experience","volume":"4","author":"Thadepalli","year":"1982","journal-title":"Rev. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavlovi\u0107, N., Bogi\u0107evi\u0107, I.A., Zaklan, D., \u00d0ani\u0107, M., Golo\u010dorbin-Kon, S., Al-Salami, H., and Mikov, M. (2022). Influence of Bile Acids in Hydrogel Pharmaceutical Formulations on Dissolution Rate and Permeation of Clindamycin Hydrochloride. Gels, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels8010035"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, S.S., Ji, S.M., Park, M.J., Suneetha, M., and Uthappa, U.T. (2022). Pectin Based Hydrogels for Drug Delivery Applications: A Mini Review. Gels, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels8120834"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"22","article-title":"Current indications for the use of clindamycin: A critical review","volume":"9","author":"Smieja","year":"1998","journal-title":"Can. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4102","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.0c01784","article-title":"Recent Progress on Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogels for Controlled Delivery of Therapeutic Biomolecules","volume":"7","author":"Byrne","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.044","article-title":"Recent insights into polysaccharide-based hydrogels and their potential applications in food sector: A review","volume":"213","author":"Manzoor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assefa, M. (2022). Inducible Clindamycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains in Africa: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Microbiol., 2022.","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1835603"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2716","DOI":"10.1007\/s42235-023-00409-y","article-title":"Metal-Doped Brushite Cement for Bone Regeneration","volume":"20","author":"Aqib","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Bionic Eng."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"6580","article-title":"Synthesis of brushite from phophogypsum industrial waste","volume":"12","author":"Yassine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.8b01350","article-title":"Synergistic Effects of Silicon\/Zinc Doped Brushite and Silk Scaffolding in Augmenting the Osteogenic and Angiogenic Potential of Composite Biomimetic Bone Grafts","volume":"5","author":"Moses","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.cgd.0c01569","article-title":"Synthesis and Hydrolysis of Brushite (DCPD): The Role of Ionic Substitution","volume":"21","author":"Boanini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.01.004","article-title":"Ion-doped Brushite Cements for Bone Regeneration","volume":"123","author":"Hurle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s11837-018-3204-6","article-title":"Effects of Cobalt on Physical and Mechanical Properties and In Vitro Degradation Behavior of Brushite Cement","volume":"71","author":"Vahabzadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"JOM"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.03.049","article-title":"Technological issues for the development of more efficient calcium phosphate bone cements: A critical assessment","volume":"26","author":"Bohner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u0142ota, D., Pi\u0119tak, K., Florkiewicz, W., Jamp\u00edlek, J., Tomala, A., Urbaniak, M.M., Tomaszewska, A., Rudnicka, K., and Sobczak-Kupiec, A. (2023). Clindamycin-Loaded Nanosized Calcium Phosphates Powders as a Carrier of Active Substances. Nanomaterials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13091469"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2022.08.151","article-title":"Preparation of PVP and betaine biomaterials enriched with hydroxyapatite and its evaluation as a drug carrier for controlled release of clindamycin","volume":"48","author":"Florkiewicz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u0142ota, D., Florkiewicz, W., Pi\u0119tak, K., Szwed, A., W\u0142odarczyk, M., Siwi\u0144ska, M., Rudnicka, K., and Sobczak-Kupiec, A. (2021). Preparation, Characterization, and Biocompatibility Assessment of Polymer-Ceramic Composites Loaded with Salvia officinalis Extract. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14206000"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/1\/58\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:40:23Z","timestamp":1760132423000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/1\/58"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ma17010058"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17010058","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]}}}