{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:33:42Z","timestamp":1760142822949,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]],"date-time":"2024-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hydraulic fracturing using micro-particles is an effective technology in the petroleum industry since the particles facilitate crack propagation of the shale layer, creating pathways for oil and gas. A new kind of polymer-coated ceramsite particles (PCP) was generated. The friction and wear properties of the particles under different loads and speeds were also studied. The tribological relationship between the newly fabricated polymer-coated ceramsite particles and the fracturing fluid was studied through tribological experiments under the condition of fracturing fluid lubrication. The results show that, in contrast, the wear of the new-generation particles is relatively stable, indicating that it has good adjustable friction properties. In addition, under the lubrication condition of fracturing fluid, the new-generation particles have better hydrophobicity, high-pressure resistance, and low reflux rate, which have an important value as a practical engineering application for improving shale gas production efficiency and production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17010241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]],"date-time":"2024-01-02T03:33:33Z","timestamp":1704166413000},"page":"241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Excellent Mechanical Performance of Polymer-Coated Ceramsite Particles for Efficient Fracturing: An Explanation from a Surface, Tribological Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mengqi","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaohe Oilfield (Panjin) Gas Storage Co., Ltd., Panjin 124000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiangkuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaohe Oilfield (Panjin) Gas Storage Co., Ltd., Panjin 124000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Transportation Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4605-6925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuxi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Transportation Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaohe Oilfield (Panjin) Gas Storage Co., Ltd., Panjin 124000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanbao","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Transportation Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Muntasheri, G.A. (2014, January 17). A critical review of hydraulic fracturing fluids over the last decade. Proceedings of the SPE Western North American and Rocky Mountain Joint Meeting, Denver, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.2118\/169552-MS"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40735","DOI":"10.1002\/app.40735","article-title":"A review of fracturing fluid systems used for hydraulic fracturing of oil and gas wells","volume":"131","author":"Barati","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.05.033","article-title":"Analysis of hydraulic fracture initiation and vertical propagation behavior in laminated shale formation","volume":"206","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1177\/1350650118781139","article-title":"Friction and wear behaviors of sand particle against casing steel","volume":"233","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part J J. Eng. Tribol."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Gallegos, T.J. (2018). Access Science, McGraw Hill."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12989","article-title":"The effect of geographic proximity to unconventional oil and gas development on public support for hydraulic fracturing","volume":"38","author":"Boudet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.04.021","article-title":"Identifying mechanisms of environmental decision-making: How ideology and geographic proximity influence public support for managing agricultural runoff to curb harmful algal blooms","volume":"241","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2019.01.026","article-title":"A review of the current status of induced seismicity monitoring for hydraulic fracturing in unconventional tight oil and gas reservoirs","volume":"242","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.2118\/1210-0026-JPT","article-title":"Hydraulic fracturing: History of an enduring technology","volume":"62","author":"Montgomery","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pet. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2016.03.022","article-title":"Polymers for proppants used in hydraulic fracturing","volume":"145","author":"Pangilinan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pet. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Cannan, C., Roper, T., Savoy, S., and Mitchell, D.R. (2019). Electrically-Conductive Proppant and Methods for Making and Using Same. (14\/572,486), Google Patents."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parke, M.A., Ramurthy, K., and Sanchez, P.W. (2012, January 3). New proppant for hydraulic fracturing improves well performance and decreases environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing operations. Proceedings of the SPE Eastern Regional Meeting, Lexington, KY, USA.","DOI":"10.2118\/161344-MS"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Alary, J.A., and Parias, T. (2013). Method of Manufacturing and Using Rod-Shaped Proppants and Anti-Flowback Additives. (12\/633,911), Google Patents."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2019.03.013","article-title":"The evaluation on physical property and fracture conductivity of a new self-generating solid proppant","volume":"177","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pet. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Hussain, H., McDaniel, R.R., and Callanan, M.J. (2003). Proppants with Fiber Reinforced Resin Coatings. (6,528,157), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burukhin, A.A., Kalinin, S., Abbott, J., Bulova, M., Wu, Y.K., Crandall, M., Kadoma, I., Begich, M., and Papp, S. (2012, January 15). Novel interconnected bonded structure enhances proppant flowback control. Proceedings of the SPE International Symposium and Exhibition on Formation Damage Control, Lafayette, LA, USA.","DOI":"10.2118\/151861-MS"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Monastiriotis, S., McCrary, A.L., McDaniel, R.R., and Barthel, R.E. (2017). Proppant with Composite Coating. (9,725,645), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"McCrary, A.L., McDaniel, R.R., Barthel, R.E., and Monastiriotis, S. Proppant with Polyurea-Type Coating. (0,274,819), U.S. Patent, Available online: https:\/\/www.freepatentsonline.com\/."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025006","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-2132\/10\/2\/025006","article-title":"A shale rock physics model for analysis of brittleness index, mineralogy and porosity in the Barnett Shale","volume":"10","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2018.03.013","article-title":"Frictional behaviors of iron based tools-casing with sand deposition","volume":"123","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2021.203619","article-title":"Multilayer graphene for reducing friction and wear in water-based sand cleaning liquid","volume":"470\u2013471","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2019.106119","article-title":"Effect of normal load ans shearing velocity on the interface friciton of organic shale-Proppant simulant","volume":"144","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s40544-019-0292-4","article-title":"Advances in the application of biomimetic surface engineering in the oil and gas industry","volume":"7","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Friction"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-011-0522-x","article-title":"Guar gum: Processing, properties and food applications-a review","volume":"51","author":"Mudgil","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2019.106542","article-title":"A micromechanical study of shale rock-proppant composite interface","volume":"184","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pet. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2004.09.006","article-title":"Contact angle hysteresis on rough hydrophobic surfaces","volume":"248","author":"He","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2017.11.075","article-title":"Experimental study of dynamic contact angles on rough hydrophobic surfaces","volume":"513","author":"Karim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2018.01.006","article-title":"Preparation of highly hydrophobic CeO2 films using glancing angle deposition","volume":"216","author":"An","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2014.10.074","article-title":"Numerical study of the effect of uneven proppant distribution between multiple fractures on shale gas well performance","volume":"142","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.2118\/169866-PA","article-title":"Investigating the effect of improved fracture conductivity on production performance of hydraulically fractured wells: Field-case studies and numerical simulations","volume":"54","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Can. Pet. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2016.10.023","article-title":"Effect of proppant distribution pattern on fracture conductivity and permeability in channel fracturing","volume":"149","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pet. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-018-1658-z","article-title":"Effect of fracturing fluid\/shale rock interaction on the rock physical and mechanical properties, the proppant embedment depth and the fracture conductivity","volume":"52","author":"Zhong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jngse.2015.03.024","article-title":"Application of polymers for coating of proppant in hydraulic fracturing of subterraneous formations: A comprehensive review","volume":"24","author":"Zoveidavianpoor","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Ueno, K., Kunisad, K., Yamada, A.K., Tomita, T., Mori, K., and Iwasa, T. (2015). Well Proppant and Method for Recovering Hydrocarbon from Hydrocarbon-Bearing Formation. (Application 14\/638,315), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Green, J.W., Terracina, J.M., Borges, J.F., Spillars, S.E., and Mah, S.H. (2018). Proppant Materials and Methods of Tailoring Proppant Material Surface Wettability. (9,879,515), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2016.07.039","article-title":"Surface modified proppants used for porppant flowback control in hydraulic fracturing","volume":"507","author":"Fu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petsci.2021.09.004","article-title":"Hydrophobic epoxy resin coated proppants with ultra-high self-suspension ability and enhanced liquid conductivity","volume":"18","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9268","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.1c00187","article-title":"Evaluation of coated proppant unconventional performance","volume":"35","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almond, S.W., Penny, G.S., and Conway, M.W. (1995, January 15\u201316). Factors affecting proppant flowback with resin coated proppants. Proceedings of the SPE European Formation Damage Conference and Exhibition, The Hague, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.2118\/30096-MS"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haque, M.H., Saini, R.K., and Sayed, M.A. (2019, January 6\u20139). Proceedings of the Nano-composite resin coated proppant for hydraulic fracturing\/\/Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.4043\/29572-MS"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.02.103","article-title":"Experimental study on modified polyacrylamide coated self-suspending proppant","volume":"199","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2019.105364","article-title":"Preparation and properties of resin coated ceramic proppants with ultra light weight and high strength from coal-series kaolin","volume":"183","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/1\/241\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:38:11Z","timestamp":1760103491000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/1\/241"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ma17010241"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17010241","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1996-1944"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]]}}}