{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:04:53Z","timestamp":1790798693102,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,7]],"date-time":"2024-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia for the financial support through Geran Inisiatif Putra Siswazah (GP-IPS)","award":["9739200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9739200"]}]},{"name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia for the financial support through Geran Inisiatif Putra Siswazah (GP-IPS)","award":["WZ\/WM-IIM\/5\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WZ\/WM-IIM\/5\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland with allocation to the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology","award":["9739200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9739200"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland with allocation to the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology","award":["WZ\/WM-IIM\/5\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WZ\/WM-IIM\/5\/2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To address the weight, cost, and sustainability associated with fibreglass application in structural composites, plant fibres serve as an alternative to reduce and replace the usage of glass fibres. However, there remains a gap in the comprehensive research on plant fibre composites, particularly in their durability for viable structural applications. This research investigates the fatigue and impact properties of pultruded kenaf\/glass-reinforced hybrid polyester composites tailored for structural applications. Utilising kenaf fibres in mat form, unidirectional E-glass fibre direct roving yarns, and unsaturated polyester resin as key constituents, pultruded kenaf\/glass hybrid profiles were fabricated. The study reveals that pultruded WK\/UG alternate specimens exhibit commendable fatigue properties (18,630 cycles at 60% ultimate tensile strength, UTS) and fracture energy (261.3 kJ\/m2), showcasing promise for moderate load structural applications. Notably, the pultruded 3 WK\/UG\/3WK variant emerges as a viable contender for low-load structural tasks recorded satisfactory fatigue properties (10,730 cycles at 60% UTS) and fracture energy (167.09 kJ\/m2). Fatigue failure modes indicate that the stress applied is evenly distributed. Ductile failures and delaminations during impact test can be attributed to damping and energy absorbing properties of kenaf fibres. Moreover, incorporating kenaf as a hybrid alternative demonstrates substantial reductions in cost (35.7\u201350%) and weight (9.6\u201319.1%). This research establishes a foundation for advancing sustainable and efficient structural materials and highlights the significant role of materials design in shaping the future of engineering applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17020302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T05:21:38Z","timestamp":1704691298000},"page":"302","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Fatigue and Impact Properties of Kenaf\/Glass-Reinforced Hybrid Pultruded Composites for Structural Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1948-1863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thinesh Sharma","family":"Balakrishnan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5110-0242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Thariq Hameed","family":"Sultan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forest and Forest Product (INTROP), University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Aerospace Malaysia Innovation Centre (944751-A), Prime Minister\u2019s Department, MIGHT Partnership Hub, Jalan Impact, Cyberjaya 63000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1841-1452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farah Syazwani","family":"Shahar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6606-4582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adi Azriff","family":"Basri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ain Umaira Md","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7696-1973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamer Ali","family":"Sebaey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Management Department, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Mechanical Design and Production Department, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Sharkia, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0373-4803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"\u0141ukaszewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8845-0764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerzy","family":"J\u00f3zwik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8323-1335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Grzejda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2023.112149","article-title":"Experimental and Numerical Analyses of the Thermoplastic Pultrusion of Large Structural Profiles","volume":"232","author":"Minchenkov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. 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