{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T16:35:31Z","timestamp":1788885331183,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study comprehensively examines the influence of phenol-formaldehyde resin (PF) on the performance of base asphalt and its mixtures for road applications, emphasizing its innovative use in enhancing pavement quality. Optimal PF content was determined through the evaluation of standard indicators and rotational viscosity. In-depth analyses of PF-modified asphalt\u2019s high- and low-temperature rheological properties and viscoelastic behavior were conducted using dynamic shear rheometers and bending beam rheometers. Aging resistance was assessed through short-term aging and performance grade (PG) grading. Moreover, Marshall and water stability tests were performed on PF-modified asphalt mixtures. Findings indicate that the uniform dispersion of PF particles effectively inhibits asphalt flow at high temperatures, impedes oxygen penetration, and delays the transition from elasticity to viscosity. These unique properties enhance the high-temperature stability, rutting resistance, and aging resistance of PF-modified asphalt. However, under extremely low temperatures, PF\u2019s brittleness may impact asphalt flexibility. Nonetheless, the structural advantages of PF-modified asphalt, such as improved mixture density and stability, contribute to enhanced high-temperature performance, water stability, adhesion, and freeze\u2013thaw cycle stability. This research demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of using PF to enhance the overall performance of base asphalt and asphalt mixtures for road construction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17020436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T11:37:18Z","timestamp":1705405038000},"page":"436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Investigation of Phenolic Resin-Modified Asphalt and Its Mixtures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Lieguang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang East China Engineering Consulting Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang East China Engineering Consulting Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5562-9381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junxian","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingfei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang East China Engineering Consulting Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kezhen","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zirui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang East China Engineering Consulting Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1080\/10916466.2021.2007124","article-title":"Physicochemical and rheological effects of the incorporation of micronized polyethylene terephthalate in asphalt binder","volume":"40","author":"Neto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pet. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1080\/10916466.2018.1443125","article-title":"Characterization of ductility of field-aged petroleum asphalt","volume":"36","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pet. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdellatif, M., Peel, H., Cohn, A.G., and Fuentes, R. (2020). Pavement crack detection from hyperspectral images using a novel asphalt crack index. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12183084"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.134351","article-title":"Enhancing rheological and aging performance of matrix asphalt through thermoplastic phenol-formaldehyde resin-based intercalated clay nanocomposites: Mechanisms and effects","volume":"411","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.126107","article-title":"Analysis of the scientific evolution of self-healing asphalt pavements: Toward sustainable road materials","volume":"293","author":"Nalbandian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1064","article-title":"Characterizing the properties of sustainable semi-flexible pavement produced with polymer modified bitumen","volume":"9","author":"Chafat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Period. Eng. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1080\/10298436.2018.1503273","article-title":"A critical review of high polymer-modified asphalt binders and mixtures","volume":"21","author":"Habbouche","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pavement Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2015.07.010","article-title":"A review of the fundamentals of polymer-modified asphalts: Asphalt\/polymer interactions and principles of compatibility","volume":"224","author":"Polacco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid. Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.117047","article-title":"Rheological properties of asphalt binders modified with recycled materials: A comparison with Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS)","volume":"230","author":"Ahmedzade","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.02.145","article-title":"Evaluation of the performance and temperature susceptibility of gilsonite-and SBS-modified asphalt binders","volume":"207","author":"Mirzaiyan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.121499","article-title":"A study investigating the influence of nano Al2O3 on the performance of SBS modified asphalt binder","volume":"271","author":"Bhat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2019.104655","article-title":"Recyclability of rubber in asphalt roadway systems: A review of applied research and advancement in technology","volume":"155","author":"Nanjegowda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1007\/s10163-022-01455-0","article-title":"A review on the crumb rubber-modified asphalt in the Middle East","volume":"24","author":"Badughaish","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.123158","article-title":"An examination of natural rubber modified asphalt: Effects of rubber latex contents based on macro-and micro-observation analyses","volume":"289","author":"Jitsangiam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.120744","article-title":"Investigating the mechanisms of rubber, styrene-butadiene-styrene and ethylene-vinyl acetate in asphalt binder based on rheological and distress-related tests","volume":"262","author":"Diab","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.3934\/matersci.2019.6.1164","article-title":"Mechanical properties of hot-mix asphalt using waste crumber rubber and phenol formaldehyde polymer","volume":"6","author":"Ahmad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aims Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-023-08173-4","article-title":"Emerging progress in montmorillonite rubber\/polymer nanocomposites: A review","volume":"58","author":"Archibong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1007\/s42947-021-00132-z","article-title":"Enhancing the Storage Stability of SBS-Plastic Waste Modified Bitumen Using Reactive Elastomeric Terpolymer","volume":"16","author":"Joohari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2018.10.049","article-title":"Morphology, rheology, and physical properties of polymer-modified asphalt binders","volume":"112","author":"Behnood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4021475","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0004092","article-title":"Performance deterioration of sbs-modified asphalt mix: Impact of elevated storage temperature and sbs concentration of modified binder","volume":"34","author":"Islam","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.134634","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities in the high-quality rejuvenation of unmodified and SBS modified asphalt mixtures: State of the art","volume":"378","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lushinga, N., Dong, Z., and Cao, L. (2022). Evaluating the High-Temperature Properties and Reaction Mechanism of Terminal Blend Rubber\/Nano Silica Composite Modified Asphalt Using Activated Rubber. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12244388"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.105","article-title":"Influence of aging on properties of polymer-modified asphalt","volume":"196","author":"Diab","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2014.02.005","article-title":"Polymer modification of bitumen: Advances and challenges","volume":"54","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rathore, M., Haritonovs, V., and Zaumanis, M. (2021). Performance evaluation of warm asphalt mixtures containing chemical additive and effect of incorporating high reclaimed asphalt content. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14143793"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2012.04.016","article-title":"The pyrolysis mechanism of phenol formaldehyde resin","volume":"97","author":"Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stabil."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-017-1008-3","article-title":"Structural properties and copolycondensation mechanism of valonea tannin-modified phenol-formaldehyde resin","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-011-1405-0","article-title":"Thermal degradation of lignin-phenol-formaldehyde and phenol-formaldehyde resol resins: Structural changes, thermal stability, and kinetics","volume":"105","author":"Alonso","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2021.115649","article-title":"Investigation of phenol-formaldehyde resins as corrosion impeding agent in acid solution","volume":"330","author":"Chugh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1134\/S2070050421020033","article-title":"Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins: Properties, Fields of Application, and Methods of Synthesis","volume":"13","author":"Berdnikova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Catal. Ind."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8602","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.27059","article-title":"A comprehensive review on phenol-formaldehyde resin-based composites and foams","volume":"43","author":"Ravindran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.076","article-title":"Effect of phenolic resin on the performance of the styrene-butadiene rubber modified asphalt","volume":"181","author":"Ming","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2020.101353","article-title":"Advances in sustainable thermosetting resins: From renewable feedstock to high performance and recyclability","volume":"113","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2021.106382","article-title":"Tribological and anticorrosion properties of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) coating reinforced with phenol formaldehyde resin (PF)","volume":"158","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2006). Standard Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials (Standard No. ASTM D5-06)."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2017). Standard Test Method for Ductility of Asphalt Materials (Standard No. ASTM D113-17)."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2009). Standard Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring-and-Ball Apparatus) (Standard No. ASTM D36\/D36M-09)."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2015). Standard Test Method for Viscosity Determination of Asphalt at Elevated Temperatures Using a Rotational Viscometer (Standard No. ASTM D4402)."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2006). Standard Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles Machine (Standard No. ASTM C131-06)."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2013). Standard Test Method for Determining the Percentage of Fractured Particles in Coarse Aggregate (Standard No. ASTM D5821-13)."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2005). Standard Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use of Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate (Standard No. ASTM C88-05)."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2000). Standard Test Method for Potential Expansion of Aggregates from Hydration Reactions (Standard No. ASTM D4792-00)."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2006). Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates (Standard No. ASTM C136-06)."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2017). Standard Test Methods for Determining the Amount of Material Finer than 75-\u03bcm (No. 200) Sieve in Soils by Washing (Standard No. ASTM D1140)."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2015). Standard Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity) and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate (Standard No. ASTM C127-15)."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2009). Standard Test Method for Sand Equivalent Value of Soils and Fine Aggregate (Standard No. ASTM D2419-09)."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.129387","article-title":"Effect of glutaraldehyde-chitosan crosslinked graphene oxide on high temperature properties of SBS modified asphalt","volume":"357","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2017). Standard Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and Density of Non-Absorptive Compacted Asphalt Mixtures (Standard No. ASTM D2726\/D2726M-17)."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, P., Li, Y., and Zhang, Z. (2020). Effect of Phenolic Resin on the Rheological and Morphological Characteristics of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber-Modified Asphalt. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13245836"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.128915","article-title":"Fractional derivative viscoelastic response of high-viscosity modified asphalt","volume":"350","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/2\/436\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:48:17Z","timestamp":1760104097000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/2\/436"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ma17020436"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17020436","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]]}}}