{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:01:56Z","timestamp":1790798516798,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,27]],"date-time":"2024-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A formaldehyde-free reactive flame retardant, an ammonium salt of triethylenetetramine phosphoryl dimethyl ester phosphamide phosphoric acid (ATPEPDPA), was synthesized and characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy test (FT-IR), durability test and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results suggested that ATPEPDPA was successfully grafted on cotton fabrics through a -N-P(=O)-O-C covalent bond. Moreover, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 20 wt% ATPEPDPA-treated cotton was 44.6%, which met stringent washing standard after 50 laundering cycles (LCs). The high washing resistance of the ATPEPDPA-treated cotton was due to the p-\u03c0 conjugation between the N atom and the P(=O) group in the flame-retardant molecule, which strengthened the stability of the -N-P(=O)-O-C bonds between ATPEPDPA and cellulose, and the -N-P(=O)-(O-CH3)2 groups in the ATPEPDPA. The cone calorimetric test showed that the treated cotton had excellent flame retardance. In addition, the TG and TG-IR tests suggested that ATPEPDPA performed a condensed flame retardance mechanism. Furthermore, the physical properties and hand feel of the treated cotton were well maintained. These results suggested that introducing -N-P(=O)-(O-CH3)2 and -N-P(=O)-(ONH4)2 groups into ATPEPDPA could significantly increase the fire resistance and durability of cotton fabrics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17030630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T07:49:47Z","timestamp":1706600987000},"page":"630","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Phosphamide-Based Washing-Durable Flame Retardant for Cotton Fabrics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jinhao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3670-9380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangxian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengxiu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45274","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c12647","article-title":"2D Hexagonal Boron Nitride-Coated Cotton Fabric with Self-Extinguishing Property","volume":"12","author":"Ambekar","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. 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