{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T14:09:49Z","timestamp":1792764589042,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017589","name":"Polish Agency for Enterprise Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POPW.01.01.02-18-0084\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POPW.01.01.02-18-0084\/20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017589","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research paper aims to explore the mechanical characteristics of polyamide PA12 (PA12) as a 3D material printed utilizing Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) and HP MultiJet Fusion (HP MJF) technologies in order to design and manufacture forearm orthoses. The study assessed the flowability of the materials used and compared the mechanical performance of PA12 with each other using tensile, flexure, and impact tests in five different fabrication orientations: X, Y, Z, tilted 45\u00b0 XZ, and tilted 45\u00b0 YZ. The results of the study provide, firstly\u2014the data for testing the quality of the applied polyamide powder blend and, secondly\u2014the data for the design of the orthosis geometry from the aspect of its strength parameters and the safety of construction. The mechanical parameters of SLS specimens had less variation than MJF specimens in a given orientation. The difference in tensile strength between the 3D printing technologies tested was 1.8%, and flexural strength was 4.7%. A process analysis of the forearm orthoses revealed that the HP MJF 5200 system had a higher weekly production capacity than the EOS P396 in a production variance based on obtaining maximum strength parameters and a variance based on maximizing economic efficiency. The results suggest that medical device manufacturers can use additive manufacturing technologies to produce prototypes and small-batch parts for medical applications. This paper pioneers using 3D printing technology with Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) methods in designing and manufacturing forearm orthoses as a low- to medium-volume product. The applied solution addresses the problem of medical device manufacturers with regard to the analysis of production costs and mechanical properties when using 3D printing for certified medical devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17030663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T07:49:47Z","timestamp":1706600987000},"page":"663","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Innovative Approaches to 3D Printing of PA12 Forearm Orthoses: A Comprehensive Analysis of Mechanical Properties and Production Efficiency"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5545-1800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Zakr\u0119cki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Manufacturing Systems, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, AGH University of Science and Technology in Cracow, 30-059 Cracow, Poland"},{"name":"Mediprintic sp. z o.o., 39-300 Mielec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0203-5149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Cie\u015blik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Manufacturing Systems, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, AGH University of Science and Technology in Cracow, 30-059 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0642-3958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Bazan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Manufacturing Techniques and Automation, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5926-4815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Turek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Manufacturing Techniques and Automation, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gardan, J. 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